Table 1.

Mechanisms contributing to AF development in mouse models of spontaneous AF

Model	Altered substrate			Ectopy			References
	Atrial fibrosis/ dilatation	ERP changes	Slowed conduction	DADs	EADs	Calcium mishandling
Lkb1-KO	+ + +	-	+	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	(Ikeda et al. 2009; Ozcan et al. 2015; Hulsurkar et al. 2021)
CREm-Tg	+ +	+	+	+	+	+ + +	(Muller et al. 2005; Stumpel et al. 2018; Kirchhof et al. 2013; Schulte et al. 2016; Li et al. 2014)
Ace-Tg	+ +	+	+	Not reported	Not reported	+	(Xiao et al. 2004; Demers et al. 2022)
Tnf-α-Tg	+ + +	+	+	+	Not reported	+	(Saba et al. 2005)
Ankyrin B KO	-	+	+	+ +	+ +	+ +	(Mohler et al. 2003; Cunha et al. 2011)
Junctin-Tg	+ +	+	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	+	(Hong et al. 2002)
Sarcolipin KO	+	+	Not reported	+	Not reported	+ +	(Xie et al. 2012)
MURC-Tg	+ +	+	+	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	(Sah et al. 1999) (Ogata et al. 2008)
PI3K KO	+ +	+	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	(Pretorius et al. 2009)
Rac1-Tg	+ + +	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	(Adam et al. 2007)
Nucleoporin KO	Not reported	+	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	+	(Zhang et al. 2008)
miR-328-Tg	+	+ +	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	+ +	(Lu et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2020)
miR-208a KO	+	Not reported	+	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	(Callis et al. 2009)

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, CREm cyclic AMP-responsive element modulator, DADs delayed afterdepolarizations, EADs early after-depolarizations, ERP effective refractory period, Lkb1 liver kinase B1, KO knockout, miR microRNA, MURC Muscle-restricted putative coiled-coil protein, PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Tg transgenic, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha