Fig. 12. Molecular robots for detection of molecules. a, Detection of Sr²⁺ by GUVs with a DNA nanopore and circuit (left), as observed by the increase of 488 fluorescent signals from SG-I in the presence of ATP and Sr²⁺ (right).¹⁴¹ b, Illustration of the GUVs designed to detect sodium fluoride (top) and its absorbance over time in response to in vitro samples (bottom left) and real-world samples (bottom right).²¹⁸ c, Using nanopores and DNA computing to detect five types of miRNAs (left) from histograms of the unzipping time of each miRNA pattern (right).³⁰⁴ d, Illustration of DiffusiOptoPhysiology (DOP) method (left). Comparison of the signal of Fluo-8 with/without dsDNA in the solution (right).³¹⁰ Figures reproduced with permission from: a, ref. 141, copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group; b, ref. 218, copyright 2023, AAAS; c, ref. 304, copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; d, ref. 310, copyright 2019, AAAS.