Fig. 14. Molecular robots for conversion of energy. a, Facilitating or impeding the ATP synthesis with different light color exposure. (left) Optical stimulation couples ATP synthesis with ATP-dependent actin polymerization and morphological change of the GUVs (top right). Confirmation of the formed cytoskeletal proteins and their impact on membrane deformation with microscopy (bottom right). Scale bar = 20 μm.^366,367 b, Mitochondrion-containing GUVs' response to pyruvate addition (top). Time-dependent process of cytoskeletal proteins polymerization triggered by the addition of pyruvate (bottom). Scale bar = 10 μm.³³³ c, Schematic showing polarization of carbon nanotubes within lipid membranes, triggering the reduction of gold chloride to solid gold deposits (left). Observed deposition of gold on GUVs (right). Scale bar = 20 μm.³³⁴ a, ref. 366, copyright 2023, Frontiers Media and ref. 367, copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH; b, ref. 333, copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; c, ref. 334, copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH.