Table 2.
Laser parameters and pain intervals
| Study ID | Type of laser | Mode | Wavelength (nm) | Energy density (J/cm2) | Power output | Exposure time | Total dose per point (tooth) | Method of application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nabi et al.[18] | Pulse wave | 905 | 12–16 mW | 180 s | 1.08–1.44 J/point, 2.16–2.88 J/tooth | In contact mode perpendicular to the periapical region of the teeth both buccally as well as lingually (two points/tooth) | ||
| Morsy et al. (2018)[29] | Diode laser coupled with optical fiber 200 µm | Pulse wave | 980 | 1.2 W | 20 s (a 5 s irradiation followed by a 10 s pause, four times for each tooth) | The tip was positioned 1 mm short of the apex, slowly dragged at a speed of approximately 2 mm/s in a way that the root canals were irradiated from the apical to the coronal portion in a helicoidal movement touching the canal walls | ||
| Doğanay Yıldız and Arslan[16] | Diode laser coupled with optical fiber 200 µm | 970±15 | 85.8 J/cm2 | 0.5 W | 60 s total The tissue around the apex of the mesial root apex 30 s The tissue around the apex of the distal root 30 s | 15 J/point, 30 J/tooth | At a distance of approximately 10 mm from the tissue around the apex of the mesial and distal root (two points/tooth) | |
| Ramalho et al. (2016)[32] | Diode laser | 780 | 4 J/cm2 and 40 J/cm2 | 40 mW | 8 s (4 s/point) and 80 (40 s/point) | 0.16 J/point, 0.32 J/tooth and 1.6 J/point, 3.2 J/tooth | Two points of irradiation; the first perpendicular to the tooth in the middle third of the crown, the second perpendicularly to the periapex | |
| Arslan et al.[15] | Diode laser coupled with optical fiber 200 µm | 970±15 | 85.8 J/cm2 | 0.5 W | 60 s the tissue around the apex of the mesial root apex 30 s the tissue around the apex of the distal root 30 s | 15 J/point, 30 J/tooth | At a distance of approximately 10 mm from the tissue around the mesial and distal root apexes (two points/tooth) | |
| Coelho et al. (2019)[33] | 660 | 600 J/cm2 | 100 mW | 180 s | 18 J/tooth | The tip was moved in a gentle vertical motion | ||
| Lopes et al., (2019)[17] | Indium- gallium- aluminum laser | 808 | 90 J/cm2 | 0.1 W | 100 s (25 s/point) | 2.5 J/point, 10 J/tooth | Perpendicular in contact with the gingiva on two points of the buccal and lingual side (4 points/tooth) | |
| Barciela et al. (2019)[34] | Low-intensity red laser | 660 | 320 J/cm2 | 90 s |