Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the 10 studies included in the final analysis.
| Article | Design | Patient (% male) | Region | Age (years) | Median dialysis time (years) | Detection method | Prevalence of CVC (%) | Median follow-up (years) | Outcome measurement | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheng et al.16 | Prospective cohort | HD, 224 (66.1%) | China | 57.4 ± 15.0 | Incident | Echocardiography | 47.6 | 4 | All-cause death CV death | Age, CVD, Hb, ALB, Ca, P, iPTH |
| Bai et al.17 | Retrospective cohort | HD, 434 (62.2%) | China | 53.1 ± 13.4 | 3.43 ± 3.27 | Echocardiography | 47.2 | 6.3 | All-cause death CV death | Age, DM, CVD, Phosphorus-binding medications, Vitamin D medications, LAD, LVMI, LVEF, Hb, β2-microglobulin, ALB, iPTH |
| Liao et al.23 | Retrospective cohort | HD, 297 (52.5%) | Taiwan | 68.6 ± 12.6 | 8.12 ± 7.62 | Echocardiography | 44.1 | 3 | All-cause death CV death | Age, Sex, CAD, ALB, Transferrin saturation, PTH, Antiplatelet |
| Chen et al.24 | Retrospective cohort | PD, 310 (57.7%) | China | 57 ± 15.9 | 3.35 ± 2.125 | Echocardiography | 23.5 | 3.4 ± 2.1 | All-cause death CV death | Age, P, ALB, eGFR, DM, LVEF |
| Zhu et al.19 | Retrospective cohort | HD, 173 (69.9%) | China | 58 | Incident | Echocardiography | 80.3 | 3 | All-cause death | Age, HTN, DM, CVR, LADI, Hb |
| Chen et al.24 | Prospective cohort | HD, 110 (58.2%) | China | 55.2 ± 1.4 | 2.5 | Echocardiography | 25.5 | 3.5 | All-cause death | Age, Sex, ALB, 25(OH)D, AAC |
| Takahashi et al.20 | Prospective cohort | HD, 1290 (64.3%) | Japan | 61 ± 13 | incident | Echocardiography | 57.5 | 4.3 | All-cause death CV death | Age, DM, BMI, ALB, creatinine, Ca, LVEF, CRP |
| Raggi et al.25 | Prospective cohort | HD, 144 (49.3%) | USA | 55.4 | 2.6 | Echocardiography + EBCT | 57.6 | 5.6 | All-cause death | Age, Sex, race, DM, atherosclerotic disease, pulse pressure |
| Panuccio et al.21 | Prospective cohort | HD, 202 (55.9%) | Italy | 59 ± 15 | 3.58 | Echocardiography | 23.3 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | All-cause death CV death | Age, Sex, DM, CRP, ADMA, CVD, background CV complication, LVMI |
| Wang et al.22 | Prospective cohort | CAPD, 192 (51.0%) | Hong Kong | 55 ± 12 | 3.25 ± 2.58 | Echocardiography | 32.3 | 1.5 | All-cause death CV death | Age, Sex, dialysis vintage, DM, atherosclerotic vascular disease, hsCRP |
BMI body mass index, DM diabetes mellitus, CAD coronary artery disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, HTN hypertension, HD hemodialysis, Hb hemoglobin, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, iPTH intact parathyroid hormone, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AKP alkaline phosphatase, 25(OH)D 25‐hydroxy Vitamin D, AAC Aortic artery calcification, ALB albumin, Ca calcium, P phosphorus, ADMA plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine, CVR cardiac valve regurgitation, MS mitral valve stenosis, MR mitral valve regurgitation, AR aortic valve regurgitation, AS aortic valve stenosis, TR tricuspid valve regurgitation, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMI left ventricular mass index, LADI left atrial diameter index.