Table 3.
Association of energy-adjusted dietary scores DASH, MMDS, and HNFI with all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazard regression models stratified by smoking status, BMI classes, and pre-existing diabetes, respectively
| Smoking status | BMI classes | Diabetes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never (n = 353) | Current (n = 109) | Former (n = 374) | p value3 | ≤ 24.9 kg/m2 (n = 257) | 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 (n = 387) | ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 (n = 192) | p value3 | No (n = 758) | Yes (n = 78) | p value3 | |
| DASH1 (energy-adjusted)2 | 1.34 [0.85–2.11] | 0.40 [0.17–0.94] | 0.96 [0.73–1.27] | 0.4690 | 0.70 [0.48–1.01] | 1.25 [0.88–1.78] | 1.26 [0.78–2.04] | 0.0842 | 0.99 [0.77–1.28] | 0.85 [0.47–1.52] | 0.5825 |
| MMDS1 (energy-adjusted)2 | 0.80 [0.54–1.18] | 0.51 [0.21–1.21] | 0.97 [0.74–1.26] | 0.3162 | 0.81 [0.55–1.21] | 0.99 [0.73–1.35] | 0.83 [0.55–1.25] | 0.9925 | 0.92 [0.73–1.16] | 0.51 [0.30–0.88] | 0.2382 |
| HNFI1 (energy-adjusted)2 | 0.86 [0.57–1.30] | 0.41 [0.18–0.94] | 0.85 [0.65–1.11] | 0.7078 | 0.76 [0.53–1.09] | 1.00 [0.70–1.43] | 0.64 [0.41–0.99] | 0.7808 | 0.87 [0.69–1.11] | 0.39 [0.21–0.73] | 0.0251 |
BMI body mass index, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, HNFI Healthy Nordic Food Index, kg kilograms, m meters, MMDS Modified Mediterranean Diet Score
1To increase comparability between dietary scores, 1-Standard Deviation increments were used as continuous scores
2For stratified survival analyses, we used dietary scores adjusted for total energy intake using residual method and subsequent addition of a constant based on mean energy intake of the study sample
3p values indicate interaction between variables and dietary scores
Values are in hazard ratios [95% confidence interval] with bold figures indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05). Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, waist to hip ratio, education, smoking status, total energy intake, and physical activity