Table 2.
Minimum (min), maximum (max), and mean concentratione of the 50 detected polyphenols in the pilot study of breast milk samples from Nigerian mothers. In addition, the number of samples (n) in which the analyte was positively detected, out of 30 total samples, is listed. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for each detected polyphenol is also given
| Analyte | LOQ (ng*mL−1) | Min (ng*mL−1) | Max (ng*mL−1) | Mean ± standard deviation (ng*mL−1) | n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dihydrochalcones | |||||
| Phloretin | 0.034 | < LOQ | < LOQ | - | 2 |
| Hydroxybenzoic acids | |||||
| 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.82 | < LOQ | 400 | 49 ± 110 | 16 |
| 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 1.7 | < LOQ | 43 | 12 ± 12 | 21 |
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.38 | 6.7 | 410 | 38 ± 76 | 30 |
| Ethyl gallate | 0.0048 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 1 |
| Gallic acid | 0.056 | 0.098 | 3.2 | 0.98 ± 1.2 | 6 |
| Protocatechuic acid | 0.12 | < LOQ | 32 | 3.9 ± 9 | 17 |
| Salicylic acid | 0.96 | 1.4 | 360 | 41 ± 93 | 30 |
| Syringic acid | 0.14 | < LOQ | 9.8 | 2.8 ± 4 | 7 |
| Vanillic acid | 0.32 | 0.44 | 4.9 | 2 ± 1.5 | 12 |
| Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||
| Caffeic acid | 1.1 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 ± 0.05 | 2 |
| Chlorogenic acid | 0.65 | < LOQ | 8.1 | 4.2 ± 3.3 | 4 |
| Cinnamic acid | 4.3 | 16 | 24 | 20 ± 5.7 | 2 |
| Dihydrocaffeic acid | 0.33 | < LOQ | 290 | 88 ± 120 | 6 |
| Dihydroferulic acid | 0.71 | 1.2 | 8.3 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 9 |
| Ferulic acid/Isoferulic acid | 0.19 | < LOQ | 5 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 29 |
| p-Coumaric acid | 0.092 | < LOQ | 23 | 5.6 ± 7.8 | 17 |
| Sinapic acid | 0.17 | < LOQ | 2 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 6 |
| Hydroxyphenylacetic acids | |||||
| 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid | 0.76 | < LOQ | 77 | 8.5 ± 20 | 18 |
| 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 12 | < LOQ | 12000 | 970 ± 2800 | 23 |
| Homovanillic acid | 3.4 | < LOQ | 14 | 6.9 ± 4.2 | 11 |
| Homoprotocatechuic acid | 1.3 | 4.4 | 65 | 27 ± 28 | 5 |
| Lignans | |||||
| Enterodiol | 0.034 | 0.14 | 110 | 22 ± 42 | 6 |
| Enterolactone | 0.038 | 0.21 | 1.9 | 0.54 ± 0.5 | 11 |
| Others | |||||
| 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 2 |
| 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 0.86 | 2.9 | 24 | 8 ± 7.6 | 7 |
| 4-Methylcatechol | 0.48 | 0.96 | 170 | 41 ± 72 | 5 |
| Catechol | 10 | < LOQ | 2100 | 410 ± 550 | 24 |
| Hydroxytyrosol | 0.068 | 0.16 | 23 | 4.3 ± 8.6 | 7 |
| Pyrogallol | 2.8 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 4.4 ± 0.84 | 5 |
| Urolithin A | 0.028 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.27 ± 0.17 | 2 |
| Stilbenes | |||||
| Dihydroresveratrol | 0.11 | < LOQ | < LOQ | - | 2 |
| Polydatin | 0.12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pterostilbene | 0.068 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1 |
| Catechins | |||||
| (-)-Epicatechin | 0.48 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2 |
| Flavanones | |||||
| (+/-)-Naringenin | 0.072 | < LOQ | 13 | 2.1 ± 2.9 | 27 |
| 8-Prenylnaringenin | 0.032 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1 |
| Hesperetin | 0.026 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.96 ± 0.7 | 6 |
| Xanthohumol | 0.034 | < LOQ | < LOQ | - | 1 |
| Flavones | |||||
| Apigenin | 0.0094 | 0.047 | 1.8 | 0.38 ± 0.59 | 8 |
| Diosmetin | 0.03 | < LOQ | 1.6 | 0.27 ± 0.41 | 20 |
| Flavonols | |||||
| Isorhamnetin | 0.018 | < LOQ | 0.34 | 0.1 ± 0.12 | 10 |
| Kaempferol | 0.34 | < LOQ | 0.64 | 0.6 ± 0.06 | 5 |
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide | 0.026 | 0.21 | 0.82 | 0.51 ± 0.43 | 2 |
| Isoflavones | |||||
| Daidzein | 0.068 | < LOQ | 67 | 16 ± 25 | 15 |
| Daidzein-7-β-D-glucuronide | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 0.42 ± 0.22 | 5 |
| Genistein | 0.0094 | 0.08 | 1.1 | 0.35 ± 0.4 | 10 |
| Genistein-7-β-D-glucuronide | 0.11 | < LOQ | 1.9 | 1.1 ± 0.89 | 5 |
| Genistein-7-sulfate | 0.36 | < LOQ | < LOQ | - | 11 |
| Proanthocyanidins | |||||
| Procyanidin C1 | 1.2 | < LOQ | < LOQ | - | 6 |
eThe concentrations were calculated using the matrix-matched calibration curve and corrected with the recovery determined during the method validation