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. 2024 Feb 27;14:4755. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55249-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Lipid metabolism is a key driver of serum metabolome differences between healthy, early-stage CKD and late-stage CKD cats. Pathway enrichment scores of lipid metabolic pathways comparing healthy cats, early-stage (Stages 1 and 2) and late-stage (Stages 3 and 4) cats (a). Dotted line at 1.0 shows metabolic pathways that were defined as meaningful contributors to patient group differences (pathway enrichment score of ≥ 1.0 in at least one patient group). Differentially abundant serum lipids with the 20 largest fold differences when comparing healthy cats versus early-stage CKD cats (b), healthy cats versus late-stage CKD cats (c) and early-stage CKD versus late-stage CKD cats (d). Significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05 following Benjamini–Hochberg adjustments to a Kruskal–Wallis test comparing normalized, scaled abundances of each metabolite across the three patient groups. BCAA Branched-chain amino acid, CKD Chronic kidney disease, FA Fatty acid, GPC glycerophosphorylcholine, GPE glycerophosphorylethanolamine, GPI glycerophosphorylinositol, HODE Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, MCFA Medium-chain fatty acid, MUFA Mono-unsaturated fatty acid, SC Short-chain, SCFA Short-chain fatty acid. [1] and [2] in metabolite names are used to indicate isomers.