Table 2.
Differentially abundant metabolites in healthy cats and cats with early- versus late-stage chronic kidney disease.
| Chemical class | Healthy versus early-stage CKD (Stages 1 and 2) | Healthy versus late-stage CKD (Stages 3 and 4) | Early-stage (Stages 1 and 2) versus late-stage CKD (Stages 3 and 4) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acids (206) | 62 (↑ 34, ↓ 28) | 100 (↑ 59, ↓ 41) | 55 (↑ 35, ↓ 20) |
| Peptides (36) | 2 (↑ 1, ↓ 1) | 9 (↑ 5, ↓ 4) | 4 (↑ 1, ↓ 3) |
| Carbohydrates (22) | 5 (↑ 2, ↓ 3) | 10 (↑ 6, ↓ 4) | 5 (↑ 4, ↓ 1) |
| Vitamins and cofactors (30) | 13 (↑ 4, ↓ 9) | 16 (↑ 6, ↓ 10) | 5 (↑ 2, ↓ 3) |
| Energy metabolism (9) | 6 (↑ 5, ↓ 1) | 8 (↑ 5, ↓ 3) | 2 (↑ 0, ↓ 2) |
| Lipids (369) | 104 (↑ 66, ↓ 38) | 195 (↑ 115, ↓ 80) | 58 (↑ 30, ↓ 28) |
| Nucleotides (51) | 13 (↑ 7, ↓ 6) | 26 (↑ 14, ↓ 12) | 12 (↑ 8, ↓ 4) |
| Xenobiotics (100) | 12 (↑ 8, ↓ 4) | 29 (↑ 13, ↓ 16) | 17 (↑ 7, ↓ 10) |
| Unknown and partially characterized metabolites (95) | 23 (↑ 11, ↓ 12) | 44 (↑ 25, ↓ 19) | 22 (↑ 13, ↓ 9) |
| Total (918) | 240 (↑ 138, ↓ 102) | 437 (↑ 248, ↓ 189) | 180 (↑ 100, ↓ 80) |
Parentheses next to chemical class indicates total number of identified metabolites. For each comparison, numbers refer to the total number of differentially abundant metabolites (p < 0.05) when comparing each pair of treatments. Numbers in parentheses specify how many of these differentially abundant metabolites were increased (↑) in the first group relative to the second group and decreased (↓) in the first group relative to the second group. Statistical significances are based on Kruskal–Wallis testing of median-scaled log-transformed metabolite abundances, and significance was defined as p < 0.05 following Benjamini–Hochberg posthoc analysis.
CKD chronic kidney disease.