Fig. 1.

Neutrophils interact with osteogenic cells through cytokine production in periodontitis. a Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) plot of cells from the periodontal tissues of ligature-induced periodontitis mice (n = 5). b Dot plot of the expression of representative genes for each cluster. Each cell type was annotated using these marker genes. c Heat map showing the network intensity of interactions between immune cells (sender) and stromal cells (target). d Proportion of Gene Ontology terms on molecules mediating the effect of neutrophils on osteogenic cells. e Micro-CT analysis of periodontitis-induced bone loss in mice treated with isotype-control (rat IgG2a) and anti-Ly6G antibodies (n = 3 and n = 5, respectively). Scale bars, 1 mm. The upper red dotted line indicates the cement–enamel junction, and the lower red dotted line indicates the alveolar bone crest in the left panel. The periodontal bone loss was quantified in the right panel