Table 3.

Change in sleep quality parameters from pre-supplementation to Day 7 in the PP population (n = 24)

	Rest-ZZZ Mean ± SD Within Group p value† Pairwise p value‡	Placebo Mean ± SD Within Group p Value† Pairwise p value‡	Diphenhydramine Mean ± SD Within Group p value† Pairwise p value‡
Sleep efficiency (%)
Change from pre-supplementation to Day 7	4.85 ± 16.19	5.57 ± 18.16	2.59 ± 18.33
	0.156	0.146	0.375 (w)
	0.180	0.978	0.174
Satisfaction with sleep quality
Change from pre-supplementation to Day 7	− 0.50 ± 0.98	− 0.42 ± 0.97	− 0.46 ± 1.38
	0.024 (w)*	0.067 (w)	0.093 (w)
	0.658	0.654	0.382
Sleep duration (h)
Change from pre-supplementation to Day 7	0.49 ± 1.36	0.10 ± 1.43	0.61 ± 1.46
	0.090	0.746	0.053
	0.984	0.819	0.839
Sleep latency (h)
Change from pre-supplementation to Day 7	− 0.36 ± 1.24	− 0.58 ± 1.73	− 0.31 ± 1.61
	0.165	0.299	0.604
	0.226	0.896	0.281
Sleep debt (h)
Change from pre-supplementation to Day 7	− 0.35 ± 1.39	0.04 ± 1.73	− 0.57 ± 1.42
	0.237	0.807 (w)	0.060
	0.790	0.805	0.981
Sleep-related quality of life
Change from pre-supplementation to Day 7	1.88 ± 3.07	1.42 ± 3.26	1.17 ± 4.17
	0.006*	0.044*	0.183
	0.433	0.423	0.993

SD standard deviation, Min minimum, Max maximum

^*Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05)

^†Within group p values were generated by the Paired t test or the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, indicated by (w)

^‡Pairwise between group p values were obtained from the Mixed Model without adjustment. Pairwise between group p values are Rest-ZZZ versus Placebo in the first column, Rest-ZZZ versus Diphenhydramine in the second column, and Placebo versus Diphenhydramine in the last column