Table 3.
Demographics and hospital characteristics among neonates with HLHS during secondary hospitalizations, stratified by region, n = 1,895
| Northeast 301 (15.9%) | Midwest 568 (30.0%) | South 382 (20.2%) | West 644 (34.0%) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 200 (66.5) | 337 (59.3) | 219 (57.3) | 373 (57.9) | 0.06 | |
| Female | 101 (33.6) | 231 (40.7) | 163 (42.7) | 271 (42.1) | – | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 150 (55.6) | 245 (73.1) | 156 (57.6) | 201 (36.6) | < 0.0001 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 26 (9.6) | 46 (13.7) | 51 (18.8) | 24 (4.4) | < 0.0001 | |
| Hispanic | 28 (10.4) | 17 (5.1) | 39 (14.4) | 246 (44.8) | < 0.0001 | |
| Other | 66 (24.4) | 27 (8.1) | 25 (9.2) | 78 (14.2) | < 0.0001 | |
| Primary insurance, n (%) | ||||||
| Public | 117 (39.4) | 263 (46.4) | 224 (58.8) | 306 (47.5) | < 0.0001 | |
| Private | 156 (52.5) | 266 (46.9) | 131 (34.4) | 275 (42.7) | < 0.0001 | |
| Other/self-pay | 24 (8.1) | 38 (6.7) | 26 (6.8) | 63 (9.8) | 0.20 | |
| Household incomea, n (%) | ||||||
| Low | 62 (21.5) | 136 (24.5) | 151 (40.1) | 126 (19.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Medium | 79 (27.4) | 181 (32.6) | 119 (31.6) | 166 (26.2) | 0.07 | |
| High | 56 (19.4) | 149 (26.8) | 68 (18.0) | 190 (30.0) | < 0.0001 | |
| Highest | 91 (31.6) | 90 (16.2) | 39 (10.3) | 151 (23.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Other cardiac anomalies | 194 (64.5) | 446 (78.5) | 293 (76.7) | 478 (74.2) | 0.0001 | |
| Structural anomalies | 56 (18.6) | 133 (23.4) | 94 (24.6) | 141 (21.9) | 0.26 | |
| Chromosomal anomalies | < 11 | 24 (4.2) | 19 (5.0) | 27 (4.2) | 0.65 | |
| Other anomalies | 14 (4.7) | 22 (3.9) | 17 (4.5) | 25 (3.9) | 0.90 | |
| Other complicationsb | 46 (15.3) | 121 (21.3) | 59 (15.5) | 132 (20.5) | 0.03 | |
| Hospital sizec, n (%) | ||||||
| Small | 15 (5.0) | 186 (36.3) | 22 (5.9) | 44 (6.9) | < 0.0001 | |
| Medium | 114 (37.9) | 88 (17.2) | 97 (26.2) | 357 (55.6) | < 0.0001 | |
| Large | 172 (57.1) | 239 (46.6) | 252 (67.9) | 241 (37.5) | < 0.0001 | |
| Hospital type, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-teaching | 13 (4.3) | < 11 | 17 (4.6) | 27 (4.2) | 0.04 | |
| Teaching | 288 (95.7) | 504 (98.33) | 354 (95.4) | 615 (95.8) | – | |
Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) are given in bold
In 2000, household income was characterized by the following quartiles: $1–$24,999 (low), $25,000–$34,999 (medium), $35,000–$44,999 (high), and $45,000 and above (highest); from 2003 onward, income was characterized into quartiles within each ZIP code
Other complications include cardiac dysrhythmias, intracranial hemorrhage, alveolar capillary dysplasia, primary atelectasis, and pulmonary vessel injury
Hospital size categories are based on the number of hospital beds; cut points were chosen for each region and location (rural, non-teaching, urban non-teaching, and urban teaching) combination so that approximately 1/3 of hospitals would appear in each size category