Table 1.
Volatile compounds of hemp seed oil under six roasting conditions using electronic nose.
| (peak area x 103) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volatile compounds | RT1(RI2) | Sensory description | Raw | 140 ℃_9 min | 140 ℃_12 min | 160 ℃_6 min | 160 ℃_12 min | 180 ℃_6 min |
| Terpenes (6) | ||||||||
| α-Pinene | 55.75(9 2 4) | Terpenic | 0.55 ± 0.32 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 1.61 ± 1.32 | 1.66 ± 1.64 | 1.19 ± 0.32 | 0.71 ± 0.28 |
| Sabinene | 59.13(9 6 3) | Citrus | ND3 | 0.50 ± 0.42 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| β-Pinene | 59.17(9 6 4) | Fresh | 4.56 ± 1.99 | ND | 1.18 ± 1.25 | ND | ND | ND |
| α-Phellandrene | 63.03(1,011) | Citrus | ND | 2.47 ± 0.50 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Linalool | 69.85(1,111) | Oily | ND | 0.14 ± 0.05 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 1,3,8-p-Menthatriene | 69.99(1,113) | Terpenic | ND | ND | ND | 0.19 ± 0.07 | ND | ND |
| Furans (9) | ||||||||
| Furan | 17.50(4 9 0) | – | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.22 ± 5.45 | ND |
| 2-Methylfuran | 25.48(6 3 4) | Burnt | ND | ND | 430.69 ± 11.79 | 366.31 ± 7.69 | 382.26 ± 1.91 | 369.36 ± 12.02 |
| 2-Ethylfuran | 31.73(7 0 2) | Burnt | ND | 42.18 ± 22.19 | 56.29 ± 39.58 | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Furanmethanol | 47.55(8 4 1) | Sweet | ND | ND | 1.76 ± 1.60 | ND | 0.37 ± 0.20 | ND |
| Furfural | 45.75(8 2 3) | Sweet | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.18 ± 0.30 | 1.53 ± 0.33 |
| 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol | 49.57(8 6 0) | Nutty | ND | 0.56 ± 0.74 | ND | 1.43 ± 1.70 | ND | 3.40 ± 1.42 |
| 2-Butylfuran | 50.97(8 7 3) | Sweet | ND | ND | 1.05 ± 1.05 | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Furanone | 53.72(9 0 0) | Butter | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.90 ± 0.62 | 4.41 ± 1.51 |
| 5-Methylfurfural | 59.11(9 6 3) | Almond | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.59 ± 1.56 |
| Pyrroles (2) | ||||||||
| Pyrrole | 39.57(7 6 8) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.82 ± 1.64 |
| 2-Acetly-1-pyrroline | 56.64(9 3 4) | Sweet | ND | ND | 3.04 ± 3.54 | ND | 1.09 ± 0.88 | ND |
| Pyrazines(8) | ||||||||
| Pyrazine | 37.88(7 5 4) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | 13.83 ± 9.21 | 5.46 ± 3.06 | 23.58 ± 7.86 |
| 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine | 53.07(8 9 4) | Roasted | ND | 1.57 ± 1.54 | ND | 4.11 ± 3.32 | ND | 7.83 ± 2.73 |
| Ethylpyrazine | 55.31(9 1 8) | Nutty | ND | 0.71 ± 0.64 | ND | 2.15 ± 1.62 | ND | ND |
| 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine | 55.72(9 2 3) | Sweet | ND | ND | 0.27 ± 0.23 | ND | 1.24 ± 0.39 | ND |
| 2-Ethyl-3-methylpyrazine | 61.89(9 9 6) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | 3.55 ± 1.67 | ND | 5.78 ± 1.09 |
| Acethylpyrazine | 62.52(1,004) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.09 ± 0.60 | ND |
| 2,3-Diethylpyrazine | 67.13(1,070) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.53 ± 0.15 |
| Ethenyl-dimethylpyrazine | 69.95(1,112) | – | ND | ND | 0.15 ± 0.05 | ND | ND | ND |
| Acids and esters (8) | ||||||||
| Ethyl propanoate | 32.05(7 0 5) | Fruity | ND | ND | ND | 68.92 ± 37.90 | 33.43 ± 13.52 | ND |
| Methyl 2-methylbutanoate | 39.50(7 6 8) | Oil | 1.81 ± 0.56 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Methyl crotonate | 40.58(7 7 7) | Fruity | ND | ND | ND | ND | 12.30 ± 9.86 | ND |
| Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate | 47.61(8 4 1) | Sweet | ND | ND | ND | 1.92 ± 1.92 | ND | 2.54 ± 0.95 |
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 48.27(8 4 8) | Sweet | ND | ND | 1.15 ± 1.04 | ND | 0.25 ± 0.07 | ND |
| 2-Methylbutanoic acid | 50.93(8 7 3) | Sweet | ND | 0.77 ± 0.53 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Pentanoic acid | 53.69(9 0 0) | Sweet | ND | 2.30 ± 1.62 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Propyl 2-butenoate | 57.87(9 4 9) | – | ND | ND | ND | 0.27 ± 0.29 | ND | ND |
| Alcohols (13) | ||||||||
| Ethanol | 14.53(4 2 0) | Sweet | 35.56 ± 10.18 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3-Pentanol | 32.16(7 0 6) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 109.35 ± 34.81 |
| Pentanol | 37.91(7 5 4) | Sweet | ND | 7.95 ± 5.63 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3-Hexanol | 42.95(7 9 7) | – | 49.94 ± 6.28 | 23.72 ± 6.22 | 21.15 ± 10.43 | 25.20 ± 10.31 | 16.66 ± 2.84 | ND |
| 3-Hexen-1-ol | 45.68(8 2 3) | Fresh | 1.13 ± 0.60 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4-Methylpentanol | 47.49(8 4 0) | Nutty | ND | 0.91 ± 0.97 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Hexen-1-ol | 49.64(8 6 1) | Caramelized | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.43 ± 0.19 | ND |
| 1-Hexanol | 50.87(8 7 2) | Sweet | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.76 ± 1.23 |
| 5-Methyl-1-hexanol | 55.30(9 1 8) | – | 3.02 ± 1.48 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4-Cresol | 67.16(1,071) | Phenolic | 0.27 ± 0.15 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 1-Octanol | 67.25(1,072) | Burnt | ND | 0.13 ± 0.02 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Fenchol | 69.84(1,111) | Sweet | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.42 ± 0.05 | ND |
| 2-Undecanol | 80.68(1,300) | Fresh | 0.23 ± 0.09 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Aldehydes (3) | ||||||||
| Propenal | 15.17(4 3 8) | Almond | ND | ND | 24.37 ± 20.97 | ND | 10.76 ± 6.23 | ND |
| Propanal | 17.52(4 9 0) | Nutty | 37.62 ± 10.11 | ND | ND | 23.43 ± 16.91 | ND | 41.89 ± 17.60 |
| 2,4-Octadienal | 69.98(1,113) | Oil | 0.24 ± 0.11 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Heterocyclic compounds (14) | ||||||||
| Trimethylamine | 13.83(4 0 8) | Almond | 47.49 ± 13.79 | 8.95 ± 5.09 | 10.95 ± 8.86 | 11.67 ± 9.14 | 8.42 ± 4.67 | 39.90 ± 16.97 |
| Methyl formate | 13.86(4 0 9) | Fruity | 18.71 ± 5.67 | ND | ND | ND | 4.75 ± 2.33 | 21.90 ± 9.40 |
| Methyl isobutyrate | 28.61(6 6 8) | Sweet | ND | ND | ND | 78.40 ± 2.48 | ND | 81.32 ± 3.23 |
| Ethyl isobutyrate | 37.92(7 5 4) | Sweet | 21.62 ± 5.24 | ND | 11.32 ± 9.25 | ND | ND | ND |
| Ethyl isovalerate | 45.97(8 2 5) | Sweet | ND | ND | 0.81 ± 0.75 | 1.21 ± 1.18 | ND | ND |
| Isoamyl acetate | 50.91(8 7 3) | Sweet | 2.29 ± 0.95 | ND | ND | 1.34 ± 1.43 | ND | ND |
| Dimethyl fumarate | 63.13(1,013) | – | ND | ND | 3.29 ± 0.90 | ND | ND | ND |
| Indole | 79.93(1,286) | Burnt | ND | 0.21 ± 0.15 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | ND | 0.12 ± 0.01 |
| Ethyl nonanoate | 80.92(1,304) | Fruity | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.30 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Methyl cinnamate | 85.54(1,398) | Fruity | 0.18 ± 0.08 | ND | ND | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.03 |
| Myristicin | 91.16(1,521) | Balsamic | ND | ND | ND | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Propyl cinnamate | 94.55(1,598) | – | ND | 0.15 ± 0.04 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Octyl caprylate | 101.87(1,763) | Oil | ND | ND | 0.17 ± 0.03 | ND | ND | ND |
| Ambroxide | 104.64(1,826) | Sweet | 1.26 ± 0.22 | ND | 1.16 ± 0.09 | 1.16 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.13 |
| Hydrocarbons (16) | ||||||||
| 2-Methylbutane | 16.39(4 6 5) | – | ND | ND | 0.86 ± 0.54 | ND | ND | ND |
| Cyclopentane | 20.79(5 6 3) | Sweet | ND | 34.89 ± 2.44 | ND | 29.00 ± 1.56 | ND | ND |
| 2-Methylpentane | 20.80(5 6 3) | – | 43.16 ± 1.03 | ND | 32.01 ± 2.44 | ND | 27.51 ± 0.50 | 30.60 ± 1.72 |
| Methylcyclopentane | 25.45(6 3 3) | – | 330.91 ± 3.88 | 448.52 ± 21.17 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Cyclohexane | 28.52(6 6 7) | – | ND | 91.65 ± 4.61 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3-Methylhexane | 28.53(6 6 8) | – | 61.55 ± 2.35 | ND | 91.63 ± 5.99 | ND | 80.32 ± 0.49 | ND |
| Fluorobenzene | 30.32(6 8 7) | – | ND | 5.95 ± 1.36 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Trichloethylene | 32.09(7 0 5) | Sweet | 98.39 ± 21.64 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Methylcyclohexane | 35.59(7 3 5) | Sweet | ND | 35.06 ± 24.27 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ethylcyclopentane | 35.62(7 3 5) | – | 94.57 ± 21.37 | ND | ND | 60.79 ± 39.53 | 23.34 ± 14.29 | 102.41 ± 35.02 |
| 1-Octene | 40.63(7 7 7) | – | ND | ND | 25.78 ± 22.77 | ND | ND | ND |
| 4-Octene | 42.45(7 9 3) | – | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 34.76 ± 8.99 |
| Chlorobenzene | 49.88(8 6 3) | Almond | 2.69 ± 1.39 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4-Ethyl-octane | 59.12(9 6 3) | – | 2.74 ± 1.18 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Tetradecane | 85.59(1,399) | Sweet | ND | 0.17 ± 0.02 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4-Methylheptadecane | 101.63(1,758) | – | ND | 0.10 ± 0.04 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ketones (5) | ||||||||
| 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone | 26.97(6 5 0) | Sweet | 13.70 ± 2.31 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.93 ± 3.22 |
| 3-Pentanone | 30.36(6 8 8) | Acetone | 8.62 ± 2.45 | ND | 6.53 ± 2.06 | 6.84 ± 2.51 | 4.74 ± 0.75 | 9.96 ± 3.49 |
| 2-Cyclopenten-1-one | 47.54(8 4 0) | – | 3.30 ± 1.29 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3-Methylcyclopentanone | 48.25(8 4 7) | Roasted | ND | 0.67 ± 0.65 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acetophenone | 67.15(1,071) | Sweet | ND | ND | ND | 0.22 ± 0.13 | ND | ND |
| Sulfur-containing compounds (5) | ||||||||
| Butanethiol | 33.31(7 1 6) | Sulfurous | 123.40 ± 30.23 | 39.34 ± 29.99 | 58.15 ± 53.83 | 76.62 ± 52.39 | 26.00 ± 18.67 | 132.90 ± 48.45 |
| Dimethyl disulfide | 35.66(7 3 5) | Sulfurous | ND | ND | 48.59 ± 41.21 | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Methylthiophene | 39.79(7 7 0) | Sulfurous | 53.01 ± 11.64 | 17.67 ± 14.03 | 1.16 ± 1.13 | 34.56 ± 21.36 | 1.06 ± 0.92 | 57.69 ± 18.30 |
| Methional | 53.71(9 0 0) | Creamy | 5.76 ± 2.67 | ND | 3.63 ± 2.89 | ND | ND | ND |
| 2,4-Dimethyl-5-ethylthiazole | 66.94(1,068) | Nutty | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.37 ± 0.06 | ND |
Data represent the mean ± SD in triplicate.
1
RT: retention time.
2
RI: retention index.
3
ND: not detected.