Table 2.
Volatile compounds in hemp seed oil under six roasting conditions using chromatography-mass spectrometry (μg/kg).
| Volatile compounds | RT1 | RI2 | I.D.3 | Raw | 140 ℃_9 min | 140 ℃_12 min | 160 ℃_6 min | 160 ℃_12 min | 180 ℃_6 min |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (min) | |||||||||
| Terpenes (9) | |||||||||
| β-Myrcene | 14.253 | 995 | MS/RI | 188.17 ± 0.30 | ND4 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| δ-3-Carene | 14.579 | 1,005 | MS/RI | ND | 467.54 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| trans-β-Ocimene | 14.95 | 1,018 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 18.26 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| p-Cymene | 15.345 | 1,031 | MS/RI | 28.96 ± 13.00 | ND | ND | 8.19 ± 2.53 | ND | ND |
| trans-Sabinene hydrate | 15.528 | 1,037 | MS | ND | 48.45 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| β-Phellandrene | 15.532 | 1,037 | MS | ND | 37.36 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Limonene | 15.469 | 1,035 | MS/RI | ND | ND | 37.23 ± 2.77 | 48.88 ± 21.22 | 48.58 ± 0.01 | 32.26 ± 21.13 |
| α-Fenchone | 17.411 | 1,095 | MS | ND | 22.96 ± 5.94 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| β-Caryophyllene | 26.523 | 1,428 | MS | 15.48 ± 2.23 | 9.74 ± 1.90 | 9.89 ± 1.09 | 12.16 ± 0.26 | 17.23 ± 0.01 | 10.85 ± 0.19 |
| Furans (8) | |||||||||
| Tetrahydro-3-methylfuran | 4.434 | <800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 189.31 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| 3-Furaldehyde | 9.109 | 846 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.52 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 2,5-Dimethylfuran | 9.156 | 847 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 21.02 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Thiofuran | 11.066 | 899 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 16.58 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 3-Acetyldibenzofuran | 13.137 | 964 | MS | 15.13 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5-Methyl-2-furfural | 13.43 | 973 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 22.47 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 2-pentyl- Furan | 14.321 | 997 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 44.49 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran | 16.299 | 1,062 | MS | ND | ND | 14.77 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND |
| Pyrroles(6) | |||||||||
| 1-Butylpyrrole | 12.883 | 957 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 46.68 ± 34.00 | ND |
| Amylpyrrole | 16.289 | 1,061 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 131.81 ± 2.73 | 26.87 ± 0.01 |
| 1-Pyrrole | 16.317 | 1,062 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 30.51 ± 2.67 |
| Isoamylpyrrole | 16.412 | 1,065 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 144.47 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 1-Formylpyrrolidine | 17.096 | 1,086 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 209.45 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Acetylpyrrolidine | 19.624 | 1,171 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 12.35 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Pyridines (5) | |||||||||
| 2-Ethylpyridine | 11.452 | 912 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.56 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 2-Methyl-3-pyridinamine | 11.701 | 920 | MS | ND | ND | 31.61 ± 1.74 | ND | ND | ND |
| 5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine | 11.829 | 924 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.06 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 4,5-Dimethylpyrimidine | 11.866 | 926 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.45 ± 0.01 | 5.58 ± 0.01 |
| 2-Amino-6-ethyl-3-methylpyridine | 17.213 | 1,089 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 26.56 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Pyrazines (8) | |||||||||
| 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine | 11.654 | 919 | MS | ND | ND | 24.76 ± 0.01 | ND | 402.54 ± 75.67 | 171.58 ± 16.48 |
| 2-Isobutyl-3-methylpyrazine | 11.848 | 925 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.71 ± 0.01 | 19.57 ± 0.01 |
| Trimethylpyrazine | 14.64 | 1,007 | MS | ND | ND | 46.60 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | 156.68 ± 40.56 |
| 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine | 17.045 | 1,084 | MS | ND | ND | 27.52 ± 0.01 | 8.80 ± 0.47 | 194.27 ± 103.52 | 93.71 ± 30.11 |
| 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 17.065 | 1,085 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.27 ± 0.01 |
| 2,6-Diethylpyrazine | 17.072 | 1,085 | MS | ND | ND | 23.75 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine | 17.209 | 1,089 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 69.63 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 2,5-Diethyl-3-methylpyrazine | 19.398 | 1,164 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 13.39 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Esters (2) | |||||||||
| Linalyl acetate | 14.305 | 996 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 35.88 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| Oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl isobutyl ester | 16.406 | 1,065 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 13.38 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| Alcohols (5) | |||||||||
| 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol | 8.075 | 813 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 6.96 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| 1-Dodecanol | 13.245 | 967 | MS | ND | 18.37 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 13.915 | 986 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 36.03 ± 0.01 | 367.66 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 9-Hexadecyn-1-ol | 15.654 | 1,041 | MS | ND | ND | 21.18 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND |
| 5-Phenol | 17.093 | 1,086 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 129.29 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Aldehydes (6) | |||||||||
| 2-Propenal | 10.377 | 882 | MS | ND | 37.15 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Heptenal | 13.185 | 966 | MS | ND | 11.18 ± 0.01 | 25.23 ± 0.01 | 27.80 ± 0.01 | 185.00 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Heptenal | 13.194 | 966 | MS | ND | ND | 19.64 ± 0.01 | 23.21 ± 0.01 | 82.10 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Benzaldehyde | 13.299 | 969 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 55.58 ± 22.61 | 9.45 ± 0.01 |
| 2,4-Heptadienal | 14.923 | 1,017 | MS/RI | ND | ND | ND | ND | 109.46 ± 72.72 | ND |
| Nonanal | 17.811 | 1,108 | MS/RI | ND | ND | ND | ND | 42.71 ± 33.33 | ND |
| Heterocyclic compounds (7) | |||||||||
| Isobutyl carbonate | 7.867 | 805 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 19.45 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Ethyl-1,3-dithioisoindoline | 8.794 | 836 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 86.45 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 1,5-Dimethyl-1-imidazole | 9.165 | 847 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 10.24 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 2,4-Dimethylimidazole | 9.206 | 849 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 28.01 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Methoxy-phenyl-oxime | 11.296 | 907 | MS | 19.79 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 1,4-Benzenediamine | 11.843 | 925 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 12.67 ± 0.01 |
| Formylpiperidine | 18.859 | 1,145 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 42.14 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Hydrocarbons (16) | |||||||||
| 3-Methylpentane | 4.308 | <800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 415.29 ± 0.01 | ND | 240.64 ± 0.01 |
| Methyl-cyclopentane | 4.334 | <800 | MS | 471.27 ± 353.87 | 75.38 ± 0.01 | 119.09 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | 390.63 ± 174.01 |
| 2-Methylhexane | 4.411 | <800 | MS | ND | 84.73 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Hexahydrobenzene | 4.416 | <800 | MS | 1020.59 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 376.84 ± 0.01 |
| 2-Methyl-1-pentene | 4.459 | <800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 31.61 ± 0.01 |
| 3,4-Dimethyloctane | 4.726 | <800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 36.66 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| Methylbenzene | 7.017 | <800 | MS | 26.84 ± 32.48 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 1,2-Decane | 7.83 | <800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 54.82 ± 0.01 | ND |
| 1,3-Dimethylbenzene | 10.224 | 878 | MS | 48.01 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Methyl-3-decene | 10.337 | 881 | MS | ND | ND | ND | 36.07 ± 0.01 | ND | ND |
| 1-Methyl-2-cyclopropane | 10.343 | 881 | MS | ND | 31.24 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 1,1-Difluorodecane | 16.415 | 1,065 | MS | ND | ND | 16.06 ± 0.40 | ND | ND | ND |
| 2,4-Dimethylhexane | 16.551 | 1,069 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 29.95 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Decane | 17.694 | 1,104 | MS | 7.97 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | 7.56 ± 0.01 | ND | 5.33 ± 0.01 |
| Tridecane | 17.74 | 1,106 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.44 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Dodecane | 20.52 | 1,200 | MS/RI | 15.69 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ketones(5) | |||||||||
| 2-Methylcyclobutanone | 4.46 | <800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 206.57 ± 0.01 |
| 3-Methyl-2-pentanone | 7.721 | 800 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.61 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Bicyclooctan-2-one | 12.875 | 957 | MS | ND | ND | ND | ND | 26.56 ± 0.01 | ND |
| Menth-1-en-3-one | 13.129 | 964 | MS | 17.66 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 2-Octanone | 14.311 | 997 | MS | ND | 96.27 ± 22.69 | 134.56 ± 14.31 | ND | 209.18 ± 189.51 | 140.89 ± 0.01 |
Data represent the mean ± SD in duplicate.
1
RT: retention time.
2
RI: retention index.
3
I.D.: indentification.
4
ND: not detected.