Table 2.

Quality assessment and risk of bias of included studies

Cross-sectional studies
Author	Year		Selection		Comparability		Outcome			Score	Quality
		Representativeness	Selection	Ascertainment	Adjustment for confounders		Assessment		Response rate
Bruce	2015	*	*	*	*		-		-	4	High
Chiba	2015	*	*	*	*		*		-	5	High
Rashedi	2019	*	-	*	*		-		-	3	Low
Tilling	2005	*	*	-	*		*		*	5	High
Cohort studies
Author	Year		Selection		Comparability		Outcome			Score	Quality
		Representativeness	Selection	Ascertainment	Outcome	Adjustment for confounders	Assessment	Duration	Completeness of follow-up
Maurer	2005	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	8	High
Pijpers	2011	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	8	High
Randolph	2019	*	*	-	-	*	*	*	*	6	High
Roman de Mettilinge	2013	*	*	*	*	*	-	*	-	6	High
Schwartz	2002	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	-	7	High
Schwartz	2008	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	8	High
Volpato	2005	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	8	High
Yau	2013	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	-	7	High

Source: Research data, 2022.