Table 1.
Characteristics of participants enrolled in study. Note. All values are displayed as n (%). χ2 analysis is used to test significance between groups for categorical variables. BMI, Body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ABSI, A body shape index.
| Characteristic | Non-Parkinson's disease (N = 31,680) | Parkinson's disease (N = 313) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Y) | <0.001 | ||
| 20∼39 | 10,734 (33.9%) | 30 (9.6%) | |
| 40∼59 | 10,668 (33.7%) | 121 (38.7%) | |
| ≥60 | 10,278 (32.4%) | 162 (51.8%) | |
| Male | 15,723 (49.6%) | 143 (45.7%) | 0.165 |
| Race | <0.001 | ||
| Hispanic | 7701 (24.3%) | 54 (17.3%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 13,643 (43.1%) | 198 (63.3%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 6778 (21.4%) | 47 (15.0%) | |
| Other | 3558 (11.2%) | 14 (4.5%) | |
| Education beyond high school | 16,845 (53.2%) | 150 (47.9%) | 0.064 |
| Marital status | 0.003 | ||
| Never married | 5695 (18.0%) | 51 (16.3%) | |
| Married or living with partner | 19,028 (60.1) | 168 (53.7%) | |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 6957 (22.0%) | 94 (30.0%) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty level | <0.001 | ||
| ＜1.0 | 6616 (20.9%) | 81 (25.9%) | |
| 1.0–2.9 | 13,316 (42.0%) | 150 (47.9%) | |
| ≥3 | 11,748 (37.1%) | 82 (26.2%) | |
| Health insurance coverage | 24,934 (78.7%) | 293 (93.6%) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 85.0 ± 18.4 | 84.5 ± 19.0 | 0.110 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.8 ± 20.4 | 24.6 ± 17.5 | 0.301 |
| AST (U/L) | 26.0 ± 17.1 | 26.6 ± 14.8 | 0.543 |
| HbA1c | 5.76 ± 1.06 | 5.99 ± 1.12 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol user | 24,800 (78.3%) | 237 (75.7%) | 0.274 |
| Smoker | 14,269 (45.0%) | 165 (52.7%) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes | 5760 (18.2%) | 103 (32.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 13,364 (42.2%) | 200 (63.9) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 2968 (9.4%) | 56 (17.9%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 ± 6.8 | 30.7 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| ABSI | 0.082 ± 0.005 | 0.084 ± 0.005 | <0.001 |
Note. All values are displayed as n (%). χ2 analysis is used to test significance between groups for categorical variables. BMI = body mass index; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c = glycosylated Hemoglobin, type A1C; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ABSI = a body shape index.