Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 8426) | Survivors (n = 6613) | Non-survivors (n = 1813) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, year | 77 (71, 84) | 77 (70, 83) | 79 (72, 85) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n(%) | 0.173 | |||
| - Male | 3792 (45) | 2950 (45) | 842 (46) | |
| - Female | 4634 (55) | 3663 (55) | 971 (54) | |
| Weight, kg | 81 (68, 96) | 82 (69, 97) | 76 (64, 90) | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 168 (163, 175) | 168 (163, 175) | 168 (160, 173) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 29 (26, 33) | 29 (26, 33) | 28 (25, 31) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 6613 (78) | 5257 (79) | 1356 (75) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1766 (21) | 1370 (21) | 396 (22) | 0.312 |
| COPD, n (%) | 1468 (17) | 1142 (17) | 326 (18) | 0.501 |
| Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 3557 (42) | 2715 (41) | 842 (46) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 1188 (14) | 845 (13) | 343 (19) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 2944 (35) | 2219 (34) | 725 (40) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs on day 1 | ||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 101 (88, 117) | 99 (88, 114) | 110 (94, 126) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 144 (132, 159) | 145 (133, 160) | 141 (128, 157) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81 (70, 95) | 80 (70, 95) | 84 (71, 97) | <0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 98 (88, 112) | 98 (88, 111) | 98 (88, 113) | 0.664 |
| Respiratory rate | 28 (24, 32) | 27 (24, 31) | 30 (26, 34) | <0.001 |
| Body temperature, °C | 37.3 (36.9, 37.7) | 37.3 (36.9, 37.7) | 37.2 (36.9, 37.8) | 0.137 |
| SpO2, % | 97 (96, 99) | 97 (96, 99) | 97 (96, 99) | 0.127 |
| Laboratory results on day 1 | ||||
| White blood cell, × 109/L | 13.6 (9.8, 18.5) | 13.3 (9.7, 18) | 15 (10.5, 20.5) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.6 (9.4, 11.8) | 10.6 (9.5, 11.8) | 10.4 (9.1, 11.8) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit, % | 32.4 (29.2, 36.2) | 32.4 (29.4, 36) | 32.32 (28.7, 37) | 0.98 |
| Platelets, × 109/L | 190 (140, 257) | 189 (142, 253) | 197 (132, 274) | 0.31 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.2) | <0.001 |
| Prothrombin time, s | 15.6 (13.7, 19.2) | 15.4 (13.6, 18.2) | 17.3 (14.2, 24) | <0.001 |
| Partial thromboplastin time, s | 34.8 (29.8, 45.4) | 34.1 (29.6, 42.9) | 39.0 (31.2, 57.7) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 28 (19, 46) | 26 (18, 41) | 39 (26, 59) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.3 (0.9, 2.3) | 1.2 (0.9, 2) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.9) | <0.001 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.6) | <0.001 |
| pH | 7.42 (7.38, 7.45) | 7.42 (7.39, 7.45) | 7.4 (7.35, 7.44) | <0.001 |
| PaO2, mmHg | 202 (124, 310) | 221 (133, 327) | 160 (106, 223) | <0.001 |
| PCO2, mmHg | 45 (41, 50) | 45 (41, 50) | 45 (39, 51) | <0.001 |
| FiO2, mmHg | 70 (53, 100) | 71 (55, 100) | 66 (50, 100) | <0.001 |
| Base excess | 0.3 (−1.0, 2.1) | 0.9 (−0.6, 2.6) | −0.9 (−4.0, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| Anion gap | 16 (13, 19) | 15 (13, 18) | 18 (15, 22) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 24 (21, 26) | 24 (22, 26) | 22 (19, 26) | <0.001 |
| Serum calcium, mmol/L | 8.3 (7.7, 8.8) | 8.3 (7.7, 8.8) | 8.4 (7.9, 8.9) | <0.001 |
| Serum chloride, mmol/L | 106 (102, 110) | 107 (102, 110) | 105 (100, 110) | <0.001 |
| Serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.5 (4.1, 5) | 4.5 (4.1, 4.9) | 4.6 (4.1, 5.2) | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 142 (114, 190) | 139 (113, 181) | 162 (123, 221) | <0.001 |
| AKI stage, n(%) | <0.001 | |||
| - Stage 1 | 1459 (17) | 1303 (20) | 156 (8) | |
| - Stage 2 | 3925 (47) | 3460 (52) | 465 (26) | |
| - Stage 3 | 3042 (36) | 1850 (28) | 1192 (65) | |
| Urine output on day 1, mL | 1040 (598, 1595) | 1135 (715, 1688) | 665 (290, 1135) | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 593 (7) | 390 (6) | 203 (11) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 4820 (57) | 3710 (56) | 1110 (61) | <0.001 |
| Rate of norepinephrine | 0 (0, 0.08) | 0 (0, 0.03) | 0.05 (0, 0.3) | <0.001 |
| Severity of illness scores | ||||
| SAPS Ⅱ | 45 (37, 54) | 43 (36, 51) | 54 (46, 65) | <0.001 |
| SOFA | 6 (4, 8) | 5 (4, 7) | 8 (5, 11) | <0.001 |
| GCS | 15 (13, 15) | 15 (13, 15) | 15 (12, 15) | 0.025 |
| CCI | 7 (5, 9) | 7 (5, 9) | 8 (6, 10) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as a number with the percentage in parentheses, or as the median with the interquartile range (IQR) in parentheses.
SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, GCS Glasgow coma scale, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index.