Fig 4.

(A) Comparisons of the entire transcriptomes with genes sorted by functionality among the Ethiopian, Cambodian, and Brazilian P. vivax. The overall gene expression profile was nearly identical between the Ethiopian and Cambodian P. vivax, but different from the Brazilian isolates. Several genes involved in DNA regulation, host-interactions, replication, ribosomal, and transportation were upregulated in the Ethiopian and Cambodian isolates but showed considerable downregulation in Brazilian ones. (B-D) Volcano plots based on the Kenward-Roger DE analyses comparing differentially expressed genes between the (B) Ethiopian and Cambodian; (C) Ethiopian and Brazilian; (D) Cambodian and Brazilian isolates. Blue dots represent single genes that are downregulated in the comparison while red dots represent upregulated genes by comparison. About 10% of the detectable transcripts were differentially expressed between the Ethiopian and Cambodian P. vivax, but about 25% and 27% variations were detected between the Ethiopian and Brazilian as well as the Cambodian and Brazilian P. vivax, respectively. Overall, the Brazilian isolates had more genes that were upregulated compared to the Ethiopian and Cambodian ones.