TABLE II.

Innovative techniques and potential benefits of combining organoids that mimic the heart and kidneys.

Technique/methodology	Description	Potential benefits
Co-culture techniques	Growing heart and kidney organoids in a shared medium	Exposes organoids to the same biochemical conditions, facilitating more realistic interaction
Microfluidic platforms	Chip technologies that simulate blood flow between organoids	Emulates the actual connection between the heart and kidneys, allowing for physiological interactions
3D bioprinting	Precisely positioning heart and kidney cells in a spatially relevant manner	Enables physical and biochemical interactions that closely mirror the in vivo environment
Tissue engineering	Designing and creating biological tissues through a combination of cells, scaffolding materials, and biologically active molecules	Provides a platform for creating realistic, functional tissues and offers potential for therapeutic applications, like transplantable tissues
Drug testing	Exposing interconnected organoids to potential therapeutic agents	Accurate evaluation of drug effects on both organs simultaneously and leads to safer drug candidates
Disease modeling	Introducing disease-specific factors to study the pathophysiology of cardiorenal disorders and other comorbidities	Enables a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms, especially in cases where multiple organs are affected
Reduction in animal testing	Using organoids as primary models for experimentation	Enhances ethical considerations in research by potentially reducing the need for animal models