Table 2.
Diagnosis methods in amniotic fluid samples.
| Diagnosis methods in amniotic fluid samples | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time of sample collection | Target | Assay employed for diagnosis | Ref. | ||||
| Gestational weeks | At birth | Parasite and/or DNA | PCR | Bioassay | |||
| 1 to 13 | 14 to 26 | 27 to 41 | Mouse inoculation | ||||
| — | After 18 GW | — | Yes | B1 gene | (dnr) | [5] | |
| [dnr] | — | Yes | B1 gene (nested-PCR) | Follow-up of mice serology and tissue cyst analysis | [7] | ||
| — | 18–22 | — | — | Yes | B1 gene | (dnr) | [14] |
| [dnr] | Yes | Yes | 529-bp and B1 genes (real-time PCR) | (dnr) | [18] | ||
| — | 22–33 | — | Yes | [dnr] | Swiss Webster | [64] | |
| — | 18–39 | Yes | Yes | B1 gene and RE sequence (conventional PCR-ELISA and real-time PCR) | (dnr) | [66] | |
| [dnr] | — | Yes | B1 gene | (dnr) | [67] | ||
| — | After16 GW | — | Yes | [dnr] | (dnr) | [17] | |
| — | 15–34 | — | Yes | B1 gene (conventional, fluorescent, and real-time qPCR with SYBR green or with fluorescence energy transfer hybridization probe) | — | [8] | |
| — | 14–25 | — | — | Yes | AF146527 and B1 genes | — | [9] |
| [dnr] | — | Yes | Rep529 gene (commercial nested-PCR, conventional PCR, and real-time PCR) | — | [10] | ||
| — | 16–25 | — | — | Yes | B1 gene (conventional PCR, nested-PCR, multiplex-nested-PCR, and real-time PCR) | — | [11] |
| [dnr] | — | Yes | RE sequence and B1 and P30 genes (qPCR). SNPs within B1 gene for T. gondii DNA genotyping | — | [12] | ||
| — | From 18 | Yes | Yes | 529-bp gene (real-time PCR) | — | [20] | |
| — | 18–41 | — | Yes | B1 gene (conventional PCR) | — | [13] | |
| — | 16–25 | — | — | Yes | B1 gene (conventional PCR and qPCR) | — | [22] |
| — | 17–28 | Yes | Yes | B1, cdk, BSR4, and SAG5E genes (nested- PCR) | — | [15] | |
| [dnr] | — | Yes | TGR1E gene (conventional PCR) | — | [16] | ||
| — | 16–28 | Yes | Yes | B1, cdk, SAG5E, and BSR4 genes (multiplex-nested-PCR) | — | [19] | |
| — | 14–16 | — | — | Yes | B1 gene (nested-PCR), P30 gene (conventional PCR-ELISA) | — | [21] |
| [dnr] | — | Yes | B1 and 529pb genes (real-time PCR) | — | [23] | ||
| [dnr] | — | Yes | B1 gene | — | [65] | ||
| [dnr] | — | Yes | REP529 and B1 genes (qPCR) | — | [68] | ||
| [dnr] | — | Yes | B1 gene (duplex real-time quantitative light-cycler PCR) | — | [6] | ||
dnr: details not reported; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GW: gestational weeks, CT: congenital toxoplasmosis; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; qPCR: quantitative PCR; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphism; SSP: sequence-specific primers' amplifications.