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. 2024 Feb 28;14:4874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55641-1

Table 7.

Heterogeneity analysis.

Different regions Different development levels
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Southern region Central region Northern region Low Medium High
Policy 0.067*** (0.021) 0.050*** (0.014) 0.004 (0.016) 0.023 (0.016) 0.012 (0.022) 0.053*** (0.016)
lnincome  − 0.070 (0.063) 0.018 (0.025) 0.026 (0.031) 0.014 (0.020)  − 0.013 (0.018)  − 0.078 (0.056)
fis  − 0.106 (0.147) 0.083 (0.136) 0.034 (0.083)  − 0.043 (0.060)  − 0.100 (0.076)  − 0.121 (0.152)
dis  − 0.018 (0.019) 0.027 (0.018)  − 0.033** (0.012)  − 0.016* (0.008)  − 0.005 (0.008) 0.014 (0.015)
power  − 0.001 (0.002)  − 0.002 (0.003)  − 0.001 (0.002)  − 0.003* (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001)
urban  − 0.167 (0.123) 0.078 (0.057) 0.008 (0.089) 0.017 (0.067)  − 0.023 (0.053) 0.064 (0.069)
emp  − 0.344*** (0.093)  − 0.177*** (0.063)  − 0.188*** (0.047)  − 0.161*** (0.029)  − 0.070* (0.036)  − 0.158** (0.071)
indu 0.031 (0.107) 0.055 (0.097) 0.034 (0.055) 0.078** (0.038)  − 0.080 (0.054) 0.172** (0.066)
Constant 1.283** (0.505) 0.342* (0.192) 0.198 (0.270) 0.282 (0.169) 0.571*** (0.150) 1.175** (0.481)
Year dummy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Region dummy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Observations 299 286 292 332 273 273
R2 0.374 0.369 0.316 0.355 0.171 0.273

***, **, and * denote significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are in parentheses.