Table 2.
Outcomes of the pre-matched and matched cohorts.
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 1357) | Men (n = 1772) | p-value | Women (n = 1190) | Men (n = 1190) | p-value* | |
| 1-h bundle therapy | 184 (13.6%) | 341 (19.2%) | < 0.001 | 155 (13.0%) | 228 (19.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Initial lactate measurement | 1158 (85.3%) | 1535 (86.6%) | 0.327 | 1011 (85.0%) | 1013 (85.1%) | 0.908 |
| Blood culture before antibiotics | 1126 (83.0%) | 1494 (84.3%) | 0.340 | 984 (82.7%) | 1009 (84.8%) | 0.159 |
| Broad-spectrum antibiotics | 350 (25.8%) | 569 (32.1%) | < 0.001 | 302 (25.4%) | 376 (31.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Adequate fluid resuscitation | 1312 (96.7%) | 1664 (93.9%) | 0.001 | 1152 (96.8%) | 1131 (95.0%) | 0.029 |
| If hypotensive, vasopressors to achieve MAP ≥ 65 despite fluid resuscitation | 1153 (85.0%) | 1544 (87.1%) | 0.091 | 1019 (85.6%) | 1039 (87.3%) | 0.239 |
| Fluid | ||||||
| Normal saline | 939 (69.2%) | 1152 (65.0%) | 0.015 | 817 (68.7%) | 784 (65.9%) | 0.160 |
| Balanced crystalloids | 681 (50.2%) | 891 (50.3%) | 0.985 | 611 (51.3%) | 614 (51.6%) | 0.903 |
| Albumin | 192 (14.1%) | 262 (14.8%) | 0.653 | 173 (14.5%) | 165 (13.9%) | 0.639 |
| Vasopressors | ||||||
| Norepinephrine | 1243 (91.6%) | 1610 (90.9%) | 0.509 | 1097 (92.2%) | 1085 (91.2%) | 0.414 |
| Vasopressin | 299 (22.0%) | 432 (24.4%) | 0.135 | 271 (22.8%) | 272 (22.9%) | 1.000 |
| Steroid | 363 (26.8%) | 518 (29.2%) | 0.136 | 324 (27.2%) | 327 (27.5%) | 0.887 |
| Monitoring | ||||||
| Invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring | 1020 (75.2%) | 1452 (81.9%) | < 0.001 | 904 (76.0%) | 954 (80.2%) | 0.013 |
| Central-line insertion | 830 (61.2%) | 1024 (57.8%) | 0.062 | 725 (60.9%) | 683 (57.4%) | 0.077 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||
| ICU admission | 795 (58.6%) | 1048 (59.1%) | 0.782 | 700 (58.8%) | 678 (57.0%) | 0.353 |
| ED length of stay (h) | 9.8 [6.4–19.6] | 9.8 [6.1–19.4] | 0.566 | 9.8 [6.3–19.3] | 10.4 [6.4–20.2] | 0.094 |
| Mechanical ventilator use | 374 (27.6%) | 615 (34.7%) | < 0.001 | 345 (29.0%) | 369 (31.0%) | 0.278 |
| RRT use | 200 (14.7%) | 286 (16.1%) | 0.306 | 185 (15.5%) | 187 (15.7%) | 0.909 |
| In-hospital mortality | 334 (24.6%) | 504 (28.4%) | 0.018 | 313 (26.3%) | 311 (26.1%) | 0.924 |
| 28-day survival | 999 (73.6%) | 1228 (69.3%) | 0.009 | 861 (72.4%) | 846 (71.1%) | 0.477 |
Data were expressed as median [interquartile range] or frequency (proportion), as appropriate.
MAP mean arterial pressure, ICU intensive care unit, ED emergency department, RRT renal replacement therapy.
*Paired test (paired Mann–Whitney U test, McNemar’s test).