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. 2024 Feb 28;16:19. doi: 10.1038/s41368-024-00284-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The vast majority of root resorption induced by excessive orthodontic force occurs in the A-D region. a The wall thickness analysis of root resorption of the first molar after 2-week force loading. b Statistics of root resorption volume percentages of all roots after two-week force loading. RRV root resorption volume, RV root volume, mean ± SD, n = 3. ns, not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA. c Statistics of root resorption volume percentages of mesial roots, mean ± SD, n = 3. ns, not significant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 by one-way ANOVA. d The root resorption volume proportion of the mesial root comparing to all roots, mean ± SD, n = 3. ns, not significant by Student’s t-test. e Statistics of root resorption volume of mesial roots in different regions. * represents the statistics in the A-D region. ^# Represents the statistics in the A-M region and comes from the comparison with the group of 0 g, mean ± SEM, n = 3. ns, not significant, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, ^## P < 0.01 by two-way ANOVA. f The root resorption volume percentages of four regions in the mesial root under 80 and 140 g. The root resorption proportions in the A-D region are higher than others. n = 3. g Statistics of root length of mesial roots, mean ± SD, n = 3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA