TABLE 2.
Adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval for individual air pollution concentrations with the risk of incident dementia (United Kingdom, 2006–2022).
| Air pollutant | per IQR increase a | Air pollution concentrations (quintiles) | p For trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 b | Q2 b | Q3 b | Q4 b | ||||
| Model 1 | PM2.5 | 1.07 (1.02∼1.12) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.97∼1.18) | 1.09 (0.99∼1.20) | 1.19 (1.08∼1.31) | 3.45 × 10−4 |
| PM10 | 1.06 (1.01∼1.11) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.97∼1.18) | 1.08 (0.98∼1.18) | 1.14 (1.04∼1.26) | 8.80 × 10−3 | |
| NO2 | 1.12 (1.08∼1.16) | 1.00 | 1.17 (1.06∼1.29) | 1.29 (1.17∼1.53) | 1.30 (1.18∼1.43) | 3.71×10−8 | |
| NOx | 1.11 (1.07∼1.15) | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.07∼1.30) | 1.27 (1.15∼1.40) | 1.30 (1.18∼1.44) | 1.10 × 10−7 | |
| Model 2 | PM2.5 | 1.06 (1.02∼1.11) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95∼1.15) | 1.07 (0.97∼1.18) | 1.17 (1.06∼1.29) | 1.30 × 10−3 |
| PM10 | 1.05 (1.01∼1.10) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95∼1.15) | 1.06 (0.96∼1.16) | 1.13 (1.02∼1.24) | 0.017 | |
| NO2 | 1.10 (1.05∼1.14) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.98∼1.21) | 1.19 (1.07∼1.32) | 1.20 (1.08∼1.33) | 5.90 × 10−4 | |
| NOx | 1.09 (1.02∼1.13) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.00∼1.23) | 1.16 (1.05∼1.29) | 1.20 (1.08∼1.34) | 1.01 × 10−3 | |
Note:
Each air pollution concentration was treated as continuous variable and the HR, per interquartile range (IQR) increase and its 95%CI, were reported.
Each air pollution concentration was divided into four categories (Q1-Q4), and HR, per one quartile increment and its 95%CI, were reported. Q1: the first quartile; Q2: the second quartile; Q3: the third quartile; Q4: the least quartile.
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2: included covariates in model 1 and additionally adjusted for education agree, BMI, drinking status, smoking status, physical activity, healthy diet score, urban residency, TDI, and family history.