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. 2024 Feb 15;15:1359402. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1359402

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Copyright © 2024 Runtuwene, Parbie, Mizutani, Ishizaka, Matsuoka, Abana, Kushitor, Bonney, Ofori, Kiyono, Ishikawa, Ampofo and Matano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Alpha and beta diversity of the cohort. Principal component analysis shows that the microbial abundance of each of the three condition-timepoints can be clustered together. Each dot represents each sample’s taxon abundance in two dimensions. Beta diversity is measured using Curtis-Bray, Unweighted UniFrac, and Weighted UniFrac distances (A). (B) Shows the diversity indices between condition-timepoint. The relative abundance of the 19 highest expressed genera in each condition-timepoint is shown in (C). Statistical significance is calculated by the Wilcoxon test. **p < = 0.01, ***p < = 0.001, ****p < = 0.0001.