Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of migraine patients depending on the presence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).
| Variable | Parameter | Migraine with HT (N = 106) | Migraine without HT (N = 822) | p-value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Woman | 97.2% (N = 103) | 87.6% (N = 720) | 0.0017a | 0.096 |
| Man | 2.8% (N = 3) | 12.4% (N = 102) | |||
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 39.56 (9.64) | 35.64 (10.38) | <0.001a | 0.124 |
| Duration of migraine (years) | Mean (SD) | 19.68 (11.35) | 15.52 (10.34) | <0.001a | 0.118 |
| Type of migraine | Episodic | 52.8% (N = 56) | 65.2% (N = 536) | 0.0169a | 0.082 |
| Chronic | 47.2% (N = 50) | 34.8% (N = 286) | |||
| Migraine with aura | Visual | 12.3% (N = 13) | 12.5% (N = 103) | 0.8385 | |
| Complex | 2.8% (N = 3) | 4.5% (N = 37) | |||
| No | 84.9% (N = 90) | 83% (N = 682) | |||
| Menstrual migraine/ menstrually related migraine | Yes | 25% (N = 17) | 18% (N = 86) | 0.2238 | |
| No | 75% (N = 51) | 82% (N = 392) | |||
| Additional migraine symptoms | One | 16% (N = 17) | 14.1% (N = 116) | 0.3562 | |
| Two | 36.8% (N = 39) | 33.2% (N = 273) | |||
| Three | 37.7% (N = 40) | 36.7% (N = 302) | |||
| Four | 9.4% (N = 10) | 15.9% (N = 131) | |||
| CAS | Yes | 24.5% (N = 26) | 8% (N = 66) | <0.001a | 0.176 |
| No | 75.5% (N = 80) | 92% (N = 756) | |||
| Pulsating type of pain | Yes | 63.2% (N = 67) | 65.3% (N = 536) | 0.7534 | |
| No | 36.8% (N = 39) | 34.7% (N = 285) | |||
| Localization of pain | Bilateral | 37.7% (N = 40) | 32.7% (N = 268) | 0.4533 | |
| Unilateral (variable side) | 21.7% (N = 23) | 26.6% (N = 218) | |||
| Unilateral (fixed side) | 40.6% (N = 43) | 40.7% (N = 334) | |||
| Additional types of pain | Yes | 6.6% (N = 7) | 10.9% (N = 90) | 0.2272 | |
| No | 93.4% (N = 99) | 89.1% (N = 732) | |||
| MOH | Yes | 32.1% (N = 34) | 27.3% (N = 224) | 0.3572 | |
| No | 67.9% (N = 72) | 72.7% (N = 597) | |||
| Triptan responders | Yes | 73.9% (N = 34) | 72.5% (N = 237) | 0.9777 | |
| No | 26.1% (N = 12) | 27.5% (N = 90) | |||
| mAbs responders | Yes | 75% (N = 12) | 71.8% (N = 74) | 1 | |
| No | 25% (N = 4) | 28.2% (N = 29) | |||
| Botulinum toxine BoNT-A responders | Effective | 75% (N = 3) | 57.6% (N = 19) | 0.6328 | |
| Ineffective | 25% (N = 1) | 42.4% (N = 14) | |||
| Topiramate responders | Yes | 63.6% (N = 7) | 32.1% (N = 25) | 0.0512 | |
| No | 36.4% (N = 4) | 67.9% (N = 53) | |||
| Prior preventive classes failures | 0 | 75.7% (N = 56) | 72.5% (N = 356) | 0.3686 | |
| 1 | 14.9% (N = 11) | 18.1% (N = 89) | |||
| 2 | 4.1% (N = 3) | 6.9% (N = 34) | |||
| 3 | 2.7% (N = 2) | 1% (N = 5) | |||
| > = 4 | 2.7% (N = 2) | 1.4% (N = 7) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Triptan | Yes | 29.2% (N = 31) | 27.4% (N = 225) | 0.7713 | |
| No | 70.8% (N = 75) | 72.6% (N = 597) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Codeine | Yes | 20.8% (N = 22) | 20.6% (N = 169) | 1 | |
| No | 79.2% (N = 84) | 79.4% (N = 653) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – NSAID | Yes | 32.1% (N = 34) | 32.6% (N = 268) | 1 | |
| No | 67.9% (N = 72) | 67.4% (N = 554) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Mixed | Yes | 1.9% (N = 2) | 4.4% (N = 36) | 0.3015 | |
| No | 98.1% (N = 104) | 95.6% (N = 786) | |||
| MMD [days] | N | 106 | 822 | 0.0195a | 0.077 |
| Mean (SD) | 9.17 (5.69) | 7.94 (5.43) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 8 (5–15) | 7 (4–10) | |||
| Range | 0.5–30 | 0.1–30 | |||
| MHD [days] | N | 106 | 822 | 0.1572 | |
| Mean (SD) | 13.49 (9.35) | 12.22 (9.22) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 12 (5.25–20) | 10 (5–20) | |||
| Range | 0–30 | 0–30 | |||
| AMD [days] | N | 106 | 822 | 0.082 | |
| Mean (SD) | 11.23 (8.79) | 9.73 (8.14) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 8 (5–16) | 7 (4–15) | |||
| Range | 0–30 | 0–30 | |||
| NRS | N | 106 | 822 | 0.5488 | |
| Mean (SD) | 8.63 (1.3) | 8.56 (1.27) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 9 (8–10) | 8 (8–10) | |||
| Range | 5–10 | 4–10 | |||
| MIDAS | N | 106 | 808 | 0.5248 | |
| Mean (SD) | 57.73 (51.42) | 52.72 (47.1) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 36.5 (23–78.25) | 38 (19–74) | |||
| Range | 2–215 | 1–254 | |||
| MIDAS – severity | little or no disability (0–5) | 4.7% (N = 5) | 10% (N = 81) | 0.2749 | |
| mild disability (6–10) | 7.5% (N = 8) | 5% (N = 40) | |||
| moderate disability (11–20) | 9.4% (N = 10) | 11.2% (N = 90) | |||
| severe disability (21–40) | 32.1% (N = 34) | 27.6% (N = 223) | |||
| very severe disability (41–270) | 46.2% (N = 49) | 46.2% (N = 373) | |||
| Depression | Yes | 23.6% (N = 25) | 12.9% (N = 106) | 0.0047a | 0.098 |
| No | 76.4% (N = 81) | 87.1% (N = 716) | |||
| Anxiety | Yes | 8.5% (N = 9) | 6% (N = 49) | 0.4241 | |
| No | 91.5% (N = 97) | 94% (N = 773) | |||
| Oral contraceptives | Yes | 14.2% (N = 15) | 16.2% (N = 133) | 0.692 | |
| No | 85.8% (N = 91) | 83.8% (N = 689) | |||
| MRI pathology | Hyperintensive signals | 23.2% (N = 13) | 16.4% (N = 51) | 0.3714 | |
| Cysts | 8.9% (N = 5) | 6.1% (N = 19) | |||
| Other | 8.9% (N = 5) | 8% (N = 25) | |||
| No | 58.9% (N = 33) | 69.5% (N = 216) | |||
| Family history of migraine | Yes | 58.5% (N = 62) | 55.2% (N = 454) | 0.5949 | |
| No | 41.5% (N = 44) | 44.8% (N = 368) | |||
| Autoimmune diseases | Yes | 4.7% (N = 5) | 2.6% (N = 21) | 0.2068 | |
| No | 95.3% (N = 101) | 97.4% (N = 801) | |||
| Asthma/ allergy | Yes | 1.9% (N = 2) | 2.1% (N = 17) | 1 | |
| No | 98.1% (N = 104) | 97.9% (N = 805) | |||
| Chronic Vertigo | Yes | 2.8% (N = 3) | 1.2% (N = 10) | 0.1778 | |
| No | 97.2% (N = 103) | 98.8% (N = 812) | |||
| Hypertension | Yes | 8.5% (N = 9) | 4.9% (N = 40) | 0.1804 | |
| No | 91.5% (N = 97) | 95.1% (N = 782) | |||
| Caffeine intake [cups] | N | 70 | 488 | 0.0435a | 0.082 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.75 (1.38) | 1.44 (1.36) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 1.5 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | |||
| Range | 0–6 | 0–10 | |||
| No | 64.7% (N = 22) | 73.4% (N = 138) | |||
| History of Covid-19 infection | Yes | 63.4% (N = 26) | 46.6% (N = 110) | 0.0491a | 0.079 |
| No | 36.6% (N = 15) | 53.4% (N = 126) | |||
| History of multiple Covid-19 infection | Yes | 23.1% (N = 6) | 9.1% (N = 10) | 0.0985 | |
| No | 76.9% (N = 20) | 90.9% (N = 100) |
a
Statistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment.
HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; CAS, cranial autonomic symptoms; MOH, medication overuse headache; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; NSAID, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; MMD, monthly migraine days; MHD, monthly headache days; AMD, acute medication days; NRS-numeric rating scale; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Test; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.