Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of chronic migraine (CM) patients depending on the presence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).
| Variable | Parameter | Chronic migraine with HT (N = 50) | Chronic migraine without HT (N = 286) | p-value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Woman | 100% (N = 50) | 89.2% (N = 255) | 0.0075a | 0.080 |
| Man | 0% (N = 0) | 10.8% (N = 31) | |||
| Age [years] | N | 50 | 286 | 0.0454 | |
| Mean (SD) | 41.4 (10.04) | 37.87 (10.3) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 41.5 (35–47) | 39 (30–45) | |||
| Range | 25–71 | 17–68 | |||
| Duration of migraine [years] | N | 50 | 286 | 0.04 | |
| Mean (SD) | 22.56 (12.13) | 18.7 (10.61) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 20.5 (15–30) | 18 (10–27) | |||
| Range | 2–50 | 1–55 | |||
| Type of migraine | Episodic | 0% (N = 0) | 0% (N = 0) | 1 | |
| Chronic | 100% (N = 50) | 100% (N = 286) | |||
| Migraine with aura | Visual | 10% (N = 5) | 10.1% (N = 29) | 1 | |
| Complex | 0% (N = 0) | 1% (N = 3) | |||
| No | 90% (N = 45) | 88.8% (N = 254) | |||
| Menstrual migraine | Yes | 14.7% (N = 5) | 13.1% (N = 22) | 0.7847 | |
| No | 85.3% (N = 29) | 86.9% (N = 146) | |||
| Additional migraine symptoms | One | 22% (N = 11) | 14.3% (N = 41) | 0.1255 | |
| Two | 36% (N = 18) | 31.5% (N = 90) | |||
| Three | 36% (N = 18) | 37.1% (N = 106) | |||
| Four | 6% (N = 3) | 17.1% (N = 49) | |||
| CAS | Yes | 20% (N = 10) | 10.5% (N = 30) | 0.0931 | |
| No | 80% (N = 40) | 89.5% (N = 256) | |||
| Pulsating type of pain | Yes | 56% (N = 28) | 66% (N = 188) | 0.231 | |
| No | 44% (N = 22) | 34% (N = 97) | |||
| Localization of pain | Bilateral | 50% (N = 25) | 32.4% (N = 92) | 0.0306 | |
| Unilateral (variable side) | 14% (N = 7) | 27.5% (N = 78) | |||
| Unilateral (fixed side) | 36% (N = 18) | 40.1% (N = 114) | |||
| Additional types of pain | Yes | 0% (N = 0) | 0.3% (N = 1) | 1 | |
| No | 100% (N = 50) | 99.7% (N = 285) | |||
| MOH | Yes | 66% (N = 33) | 71.3% (N = 204) | 0.5522 | |
| No | 34% (N = 17) | 28.7% (N = 82) | |||
| Triptan responders | Yes | 59.1% (N = 13) | 73.9% (N = 116) | 0.2322 | |
| No | 40.9% (N = 9) | 26.1% (N = 41) | |||
| mAbs responders | Yes | 60% (N = 6) | 72% (N = 54) | 0.4708 | |
| No | 40% (N = 4) | 28% (N = 21) | |||
| Botulinum toxine BoNT-A responders | Effective | 66.7% (N = 2) | 65.4% (N = 17) | 1 | |
| Ineffective | 33.3% (N = 1) | 34.6% (N = 9) | |||
| Topiramate responders | Yes | 60% (N = 6) | 31.2% (N = 15) | 0.1456 | |
| No | 40% (N = 4) | 68.8% (N = 33) | |||
| Prior preventive classes failures | 0 | 73% (N = 27) | 56.5% (N = 100) | 0.1816 | |
| 1 | 13.5% (N = 5) | 26.6% (N = 47) | |||
| 2 | 5.4% (N = 2) | 11.9% (N = 21) | |||
| 3 | 5.4% (N = 2) | 2.8% (N = 5) | |||
| > = 4 | 2.7% (N = 1) | 2.3% (N = 4) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Triptan | Yes | 26% (N = 13) | 42% (N = 120) | 0.0486 | |
| No | 74% (N = 37) | 58% (N = 166) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Codeine | Yes | 42% (N = 21) | 34.6% (N = 99) | 0.3978 | |
| No | 58% (N = 29) | 65.4% (N = 187) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – NSAID | Yes | 30% (N = 15) | 29.7% (N = 85) | 1 | |
| No | 70% (N = 35) | 70.3% (N = 201) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Mixed | Yes | 4% (N = 2) | 12.6% (N = 36) | 0.0908 | |
| No | 96% (N = 48) | 87.4% (N = 250) | |||
| MMD [days] | N | 50 | 286 | 0.8246 | |
| Mean (SD) | 13.42 (5.03) | 13.33 (4.9) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 15 (9.25–16) | 13.5 (9–16) | |||
| Range | 8–30 | 6–30 | |||
| MHD [days] | N | 50 | 286 | 0.5952 | |
| Mean (SD) | 21.64 (5.83) | 22.07 (6.14) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 20 (16–30) | 20 (16–30) | |||
| Range | 16–30 | 0–30 | |||
| AMD [days] | N | 50 | 286 | 0.7837 | |
| Mean (SD) | 17.98 (8.19) | 17.8 (7.82) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 16 (10.5–23) | 16 (12–25) | |||
| Range | 4–30 | 0–30 | |||
| Other headache [days] | N | 50 | 286 | 0.3995 | |
| Mean (SD) | 7.92 (6.92) | 8.84 (7.14) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 7.5 (0–14.75) | 8 (2–15) | |||
| Range | 0–22 | 0–25 | |||
| NRS | N | 50 | 286 | 0.2791 | |
| Mean (SD) | 8.82 (1.19) | 8.6 (1.3) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 9 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | |||
| Range | 6–10 | 5–10 | |||
| MIDAS | N | 50 | 284 | 0.5745 | |
| Mean (SD) | 87.76 (58.97) | 92.36 (54.31) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 77.5 (32.5–142.25) | 87 (45–136.25) | |||
| Range | 2–215 | 2–254 | |||
| MIDAS – severity | little or no disability (0–5) | 2% (N = 1) | 2.1% (N = 6) | 0.1925 | |
| mild disability (6–10) | 8% (N = 4) | 3.2% (N = 9) | |||
| moderate disability (11–20) | 4% (N = 2) | 3.2% (N = 9) | |||
| severe disability (21–40) | 20% (N = 10) | 13.1% (N = 37) | |||
| very severe disability (41–270) | 66% (N = 33) | 78.4% (N = 222) | |||
| Depression | Yes | 28% (N = 14) | 18.5% (N = 53) | 0.1757 | |
| No | 72% (N = 36) | 81.5% (N = 233) | |||
| Anxiety | Yes | 8% (N = 4) | 8.7% (N = 25) | 1 | |
| No | 92% (N = 46) | 91.3% (N = 261) | |||
| Thyroid disease | Hypothyroidism | 74% (N = 37) | 7% (N = 20) | <0.001a | 0.274 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 2% (N = 1) | 0.3% (N = 1) | |||
| Oral contraceptives | Yes | 14% (N = 7) | 16.4% (N = 47) | 0.8231 | |
| No | 86% (N = 43) | 83.6% (N = 239) | |||
| MRI pathology | Hyperintensive signals | 25% (N = 7) | 19.1% (N = 25) | 0.2548 | |
| Cysts | 14.3% (N = 4) | 6.1% (N = 8) | |||
| Other | 10.7% (N = 3) | 8.4% (N = 11) | |||
| No | 50% (N = 14) | 66.4% (N = 87) | |||
| Family history of migraine | Yes | 56% (N = 28) | 58.7% (N = 168) | 0.8358 | |
| No | 44% (N = 22) | 41.3% (N = 118) | |||
| Autoimmunological diseases | Yes | 4% (N = 2) | 3.5% (N = 10) | 0.6953 | |
| No | 96% (N = 48) | 96.5% (N = 276) | |||
| Asthma/ allergy | Yes | 2% (N = 1) | 1.4% (N = 4) | 0.5555 | |
| No | 98% (N = 49) | 98.6% (N = 282) | |||
| Vertigo | Yes | 6% (N = 3) | 1% (N = 3) | 0.0448 | |
| No | 94% (N = 47) | 99% (N = 283) | |||
| Hypertension | Yes | 10% (N = 5) | 7.3% (N = 21) | 0.5639 | |
| No | 90% (N = 45) | 92.7% (N = 265) | |||
| Caffeine intake [cups] | N | 36 | 173 | 0.0967 | |
| Mean (SD) | 1.89 (1.51) | 1.51 (1.55) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | |||
| Range | 0–6 | 0–10 | |||
| No | 64.7% (N = 11) | 71% (N = 44) | |||
| History of Covid-19 infection | Yes | 57.9% (N = 11) | 50.6% (N = 39) | 0.7567 | |
| No | 42.1% (N = 8) | 49.4% (N = 38) | |||
| History of multiple Covid-19 infection | Yes | 36.4% (N = 4) | 5.1% (N = 2) | 0.0166 | |
| No | 63.6% (N = 7) | 94.9% (N = 37) |
a
Statistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment.
HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; CAS, cranial autonomic symptoms; MOH, medication overuse headache; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; NSAID, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; MMD, monthly migraine days; MHD, monthly headache days; AMD, acute medication days; NRS-numeric rating scale; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Test; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.