Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of migraine patients depending on the presence of hypothyroidism.
| Variable | Parameter | Migraine with hypothyroidism (N = 148) | Migraine without hypothyroidism (N = 780) | p-value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Woman | 98% (N = 145) | 86.9% (N = 678) | <0.001a | 0.128 |
| Man | 2% (N = 3) | 13.1% (N = 102) | |||
| Age [years] | N | 148 | 780 | 0.0064a | 0.090 |
| Mean (SD) | 38.43 (10.8) | 35.64 (10.23) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 38 (30–45.25) | 35 (28–43) | |||
| Range | 17–71 | 14–68 | |||
| Duration of migraine [years] | N | 148 | 780 | 0.0146a | 0.080 |
| Mean (SD) | 18.04 (11.03) | 15.6 (10.4) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 18 (10–25.25) | 14 (7–22) | |||
| Range | 1–50 | 0.3–55 | |||
| Type of migraine | Episodic | 61.5% (N = 91) | 64.2% (N = 501) | 0.5867 | |
| Chronic | 38.5% (N = 57) | 35.8% (N = 279) | |||
| Migraine with aura | Visual | 12.2% (N = 18) | 12.6% (N = 98) | 0.9751 | |
| Complex | 4.1% (N = 6) | 4.4% (N = 34) | |||
| No | 83.8% (N = 124) | 83.1% (N = 648) | |||
| Menstrual migraine | Yes | 19.8% (N = 20) | 18.7% (N = 83) | 0.8998 | |
| No | 80.2% (N = 81) | 81.3% (N = 362) | |||
| Additional migraine symptoms | One | 10.8% (N = 16) | 15% (N = 117) | 0.3307 | |
| Two | 33.1% (N = 49) | 33.7% (N = 263) | |||
| Three | 42.6% (N = 63) | 35.8% (N = 279) | |||
| Four | 13.5% (N = 20) | 15.5% (N = 121) | |||
| CAS | Yes | 25% (N = 37) | 7.1% (N = 55) | <0.001a | 0.220 |
| No | 75% (N = 111) | 92.9% (N = 725) | |||
| Pulsating type of pain | Yes | 64.9% (N = 96) | 65.1% (N = 507) | 1 | |
| No | 35.1% (N = 52) | 34.9% (N = 272) | |||
| Localization of pain | Bilateral | 40.5% (N = 60) | 31.9% (N = 248) | 0.0597 | |
| Unilateral (variable side) | 19.6% (N = 29) | 27.2% (N = 212) | |||
| Unilateral (fixed side) | 39.9% (N = 59) | 40.9% (N = 318) | |||
| Additional types of pain | Yes | 11.5% (N = 17) | 10.3% (N = 80) | 0.7627 | |
| No | 88.5% (N = 131) | 89.7% (N = 700) | |||
| MOH | Yes | 25.7% (N = 38) | 28.2% (N = 220) | 0.5903 | |
| No | 74.3% (N = 110) | 71.8% (N = 559) | |||
| Triptan responders | Yes | 79.7% (N = 63) | 70.7% (N = 208) | 0.1468 | |
| No | 20.3% (N = 16) | 29.3% (N = 86) | |||
| mAbs responders | Yes | 80% (N = 16) | 70.7% (N = 70) | 0.5847 | |
| No | 20% (N = 4) | 29.3% (N = 29) | |||
| Botulinum toxine responders | Effective | 71.4% (N = 5) | 56.7% (N = 17) | 0.6767 | |
| Ineffective | 28.6% (N = 2) | 43.3% (N = 13) | |||
| Topiramate responders | Yes | 41.2% (N = 7) | 34.7% (N = 25) | 0.8276 | |
| No | 58.8% (N = 10) | 65.3% (N = 47) | |||
| Prior preventive classes failures | 0 | 72.9% (N = 78) | 72.9% (N = 334) | 0.9064 | |
| 1 | 17.8% (N = 19) | 17.7% (N = 81) | |||
| 2 | 5.6% (N = 6) | 6.8% (N = 31) | |||
| 3 | 1.9% (N = 2) | 1.1% (N = 5) | |||
| > = 4 | 1.9% (N = 2) | 1.5% (N = 7) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Triptan | Yes | 35.8% (N = 53) | 26% (N = 203) | 0.0192a | 0.080 |
| No | 64.2% (N = 95) | 74% (N = 577) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Codeine | Yes | 16.9% (N = 25) | 21.3% (N = 166) | 0.2712 | |
| No | 83.1% (N = 123) | 78.7% (N = 614) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – NSAID | Yes | 33.8% (N = 50) | 32.3% (N = 252) | 0.7982 | |
| No | 66.2% (N = 98) | 67.7% (N = 528) | |||
| Acute medication used/overused – Mixed | Yes | 1.4% (N = 2) | 4.6% (N = 36) | 0.0708 | |
| No | 98.6% (N = 146) | 95.4% (N = 744) | |||
| MMD [days] | N | 148 | 780 | 0.2965 | |
| Mean (SD) | 8.48 (5.51) | 8 (5.47) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 8 (4–10.5) | 7 (4–10) | |||
| Range | 0.5–30 | 0.1–30 | |||
| MHD [days] | N | 148 | 780 | 0.3792 | |
| Mean (SD) | 12.74 (9.08) | 12.29 (9.27) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 10 (6–20) | 10 (5–20) | |||
| Range | 0–30 | 0–30 | |||
| AMD [days] | N | 148 | 780 | 0.4106 | |
| Mean (SD) | 10.16 (8.1) | 9.85 (8.25) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 8 (5–15) | 7 (4–15) | |||
| Range | 0–30 | 0–30 | |||
| NRS | N | 148 | 780 | 0.1534 | |
| Mean (SD) | 8.7 (1.31) | 8.55 (1.27) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 9 (8–10) | 8 (8–10) | |||
| Range | 5–10 | 4–10 | |||
| MIDAS | N | 146 | 768 | 0.6113 | |
| Mean (SD) | 51.99 (47.97) | 53.55 (47.58) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 36 (22.25–59) | 38 (19–75) | |||
| Range | 2–254 | 1–243 | |||
| MIDAS – severity | little or no disability (0–5) | 6.8% (N = 10) | 9.9% (N = 76) | 0.0962 | |
| mild disability (6–10) | 6.2% (N = 9) | 5.1% (N = 39) | |||
| moderate disability (11–20) | 9.6% (N = 14) | 11.2% (N = 86) | |||
| severe disability (21–40) | 37% (N = 54) | 26.5% (N = 203) | |||
| very severe disability (41–270) | 40.4% (N = 59) | 47.3% (N = 363) | |||
| Depression | Yes | 18.9% (N = 28) | 13.2% (N = 103) | 0.0888 | |
| No | 81.1% (N = 120) | 86.8% (N = 677) | |||
| Anxiety | Yes | 9.5% (N = 14) | 5.6% (N = 44) | 0.1154 | |
| No | 90.5% (N = 134) | 94.4% (N = 736) | |||
| Hashimoto | Yes | 56.8% (N = 84) | 2.8% (N = 22) | <0.001a | 0.621 |
| No | 43.2% (N = 64) | 97.2% (N = 758) | |||
| Oral contraceptives | Yes | 16.9% (N = 25) | 15.8% (N = 123) | 0.8262 | |
| No | 83.1% (N = 123) | 84.2% (N = 657) | |||
| MRI pathology | Hyperintensive signals | 16.9% (N = 13) | 17.6% (N = 51) | 0.9656 | |
| Cysts | 7.8% (N = 6) | 6.2% (N = 18) | |||
| Other | 7.8% (N = 6) | 8.3% (N = 24) | |||
| No | 67.5% (N = 52) | 67.9% (N = 197) | |||
| Family history of migraine | Yes | 59.5% (N = 88) | 54.9% (N = 428) | 0.3474 | |
| No | 40.5% (N = 60) | 45.1% (N = 352) | |||
| Autoimmunological diseases | Yes | 3.4% (N = 5) | 2.7% (N = 21) | 0.5904 | |
| No | 96.6% (N = 143) | 97.3% (N = 759) | |||
| Asthma/ allergy | Yes | 2% (N = 3) | 2.1% (N = 16) | 1 | |
| No | 98% (N = 145) | 97.9% (N = 764) | |||
| Vertigo | Yes | 1.4% (N = 2) | 1.4% (N = 11) | 1 | |
| No | 98.6% (N = 146) | 98.6% (N = 769) | |||
| Hypertension | Yes | 6.8% (N = 10) | 5% (N = 39) | 0.4992 | |
| No | 93.2% (N = 138) | 95% (N = 741) | |||
| Caffeine intake [cups] | N | 103 | 455 | 0.9908 | |
| Mean (SD) | 1.43 (1.15) | 1.49 (1.41) | |||
| Median (Q1–Q3) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | |||
| Range | 0–5 | 0–10 | |||
| No | 71.4% (N = 35) | 72.3% (N = 125) | |||
| History of Covid-19 infection | Yes | 58.2% (N = 32) | 46.8% (N = 104) | 0.1755 | |
| No | 41.8% (N = 23) | 53.2% (N = 118) | |||
| History of multiple Covid-19 infection | Yes | 28.1% (N = 9) | 6.7% (N = 7) | 0.003a | 0.108 |
| No | 71.9% (N = 23) | 93.3% (N = 97) |
a
Statistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment.
HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; CAS, cranial autonomic symptoms; MOH, medication overuse headache; mAbs, monoclonal antibodies; NSAID, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; MMD, monthly migraine days; MHD, monthly headache days; AMD, acute medication days; NRS-numeric rating scale; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Test; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.