Table 4.
Identified metabolites related to amino acid metabolism in liver from mice fed the control diet, high-fat diet, or time-restricted feeding (TRF) of the high-fat diet.
| Control | High-fat | TRF | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine | 1 ± 0.05 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.78 ± 0.06 |
| Aminomalonic acid | 1 ± 0.13 | 1.04 ± 0.10 | 1.01 ± 0.10 |
| Asparagine | 1 ± 0.08a | 0.85 ± 0.06ab | 0.65 ± 0.05b |
| Aspartic acid | 1 ± 0.18 | 1.41 ± 0.21 | 1.50 ± 0.12 |
| β-alanine | 1 ± 0.11 | 0.99 ± 0.12 | 0.72 ± 0.05 |
| Creatinine | 1 ± 0.16 | 1.12 ± 0.15 | 1.14 ± 0.15 |
| Cysteine-glycine | 1 ± 0.12a | 0.62 ± 0.06b | 0.64 ± 0.06b |
| Glutamic acid | 1 ± 0.14 | 1.35 ± 0.08 | 1.22 ± 0.10 |
| Glutamine | 1 ± 0.14 | 1.21 ± 0.11 | 1.30 ± 0.09 |
| Glutathione | 1 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 1.00 ± 0.08 |
| Glycine | 1 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 1.02 ± 0.06 |
| Glycyl-glycine | 1 ± 0.04 | 0.99 ± 0.03 | 0.92 ± 0.04 |
| Hypotaurine | 1 ± 0.13a | 0.80 ± 0.12ab | 0.45 ± 0.05b |
| Isoleucine | 1 ± 0.06 | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.08 |
| Leucine | 1 ± 0.06a | 0.87 ± 0.04ab | 0.73 ± 0.04b |
| Lysine | 1 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.78 ± 0.04 |
| Methionine | 1 ± 0.08a | 0.69 ± 0.06b | 0.50 ± 0.05b |
| Ornithine | 1 ± 0.05a | 0.89 ± 0.10a | 0.59 ± 0.04b |
| Oxoproline | 1 ± 0.05b | 1.13 ± 0.05ab | 1.29 ± 0.05a |
| Phenylalanine | 1 ± 0.08a | 0.89 ± 0.08a | 0.61 ± 0.05b |
| Proline | 1 ± 0.12a | 0.67 ±0.07b | 0.54 ± 0.07b |
| Serine | 1 ± 0.09 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.80 ± 0.06 |
| Taurine | 1 ± 0.14 | 0.85 ± 0.19 | 0.85 ± 0.11 |
| Threonine | 1 ± 0.07a | 0.83 ± 0.05ab | 0.65 ± 0.05b |
| Tryptophan | 1 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.05 |
| Tyrosine | 1 ± 0.04a | 0.91 ± 0.05a | 0.67 ± 0.03b |
| Urea | 1 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.08 |
| Valine | 1 ± 0.09 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.76 ± 0.10 |
| 2-picolinic acid | 1 ± 0.07 | 1.19 ± 0.09 | 1.25 ± 0.12 |
Values of treatment groups are normalized to that of the control group (n = 12 per group). Values (means ± SEM) in the same row with different letters are significant at p ≤ 0.05 (FDR-adjusted p values).