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. 2024 Feb 15;18:1342944. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1342944

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Copyright © 2024 Noguchi, Katoh, Nomura, Okada and Watanabe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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mRNA expression levels of various cytokines in SCI. Compared to the control group, the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were lower in the exenatide group, with TNFα significantly lower on days 1 and 3 after injury (A) and IL-1β significantly lower on day 1 after injury (B). Conversely, the mRNA expression levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were higher in the exenatide group, with both IL-4 (C) and IL-10 (D) significantly higher on day 1 after injury. β-actin was used as the control; n = 5; error bars: SDs; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01.