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. 2023 Dec 26;31(2):166–178. doi: 10.1007/s12282-023-01531-9

Table 4.

Evaluation of the association between lifestyle factors and breast cancer in the Japanese population

Evidence grade Risk factor Protective factor
Convincing Obesity (postmenopausal)
Probable
Limited-suggestive Smoking, Passive smoking, Alcohol consumption, Obesity (premenopausal, BMI > 30) Exercise, Lactation, Soy, Isoflavone
Limited-no conclusion Vegetables, Fruits, Meat, Fish, Grains, Milk and dairy products, Food patterns, Green tea, Folic acid, Vitamins, Carotenoids, Fats