Table 2.
Cognitive tests at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention.
| Group | T0 M (SD) | T1 M (SD) | T0-T1 M (SD) | P (95% CI) | Time effect (Effect size) | Time × Treatment (Effect size) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention | |||||||
| TMT (A) | HIPP | −0.35 (1.52) | −0.28 (1.25) | −0.07 (0.99) | 0.79 (−0.62; 0.48) | p = 0.790 (0.003) | p = 0.893 (0.001) |
| CogniPlus | −0.41 (0.74) | −0.39 (0.97) | −0.02 (0.73) | 0.91 (−0.46; 0.42) | |||
| Stroop Test | HIPP | −0.63 (1.88) | −1.02 (1.44) | 0.39 (1.33) | 0.28 (−0.35; 1.13) | p = 0.372 (0.031) | p = 0.340 (0.035) |
| CogniPlus | −0.58 (1.44) | −0.57 (0.90) | −0.01 (0.71) | 0.95 (−0.44; 0.42) | |||
| Executive function | |||||||
| Stroop Test | HIPP | 0.63 (1.08) | 0.57 (0.84) | 0.05 (1.22) | 0.86 (−0.62; 0.73) | p = 0.815 (0.002) | p = 0.980 (0.000) |
| CogniPlus | 0.35 (1.03) | 0.31 (0.90) | 0.04 (0.97) | 0.87 (−0.54; 0.63) | |||
| TMT (B/A) | HIPP | −1.43 (3.17) | −1.9 (3.76) | 0.47 (3.51) | 0.61 (−1.47; 2.41) | p = 0.691 (0.006) | p = 0.612 (0.010) |
| CogniPlus | −0.43 (1.24) | −0.37 (1.01) | −0.06 (1.17) | 0.86 (−0.77; 0.65) | |||
| mWCST | HIPP | −0.56 (1.56) | −0.28 (0.76) | −0.27 (1.62) | 0.52 (−1.17; 0.62) | p = 0.441 (0.023) | p = 0.678 (0.007) |
| CogniPlus | −0.55 (1.14) | −0.46 (1.13) | −0.08 (0.28) | 0.31 (−0.2.5; 0.08) | |||
| Verbal fluency | |||||||
| Semantic verbal fluency | HIPP | −1.20 (1.13) | −0.85 (1.01) | −0.35 (1.06) | 0.22 (−0.94; 0.24) | p = 0.027 (0.174) | p = 0.661 (0.007) |
| CogniPlus | −0.81 (1.17) | −0.3 (0.72) | −0.51 (0.86) | 0.053 (−1.03; 0.01) | |||
| Phonemic verbal fluency | HIPP | 0.05 (0.74) | −0.17 (0.72) | 0.22 (0.55) | 0.13 (−0.08; 0.53) | p = 0.781 (0.003) | p = 0.155 (0.076) |
| CogniPlus | −0.33 (1.02) | 0.00 (1.18) | −0.34 (1.34) | 0.39 (−1.17; 0.49) | |||
| Five-Point test Correct answers | HIPP | −0.56 (1.03) | −0.56 (0.97) | 0.00 (1.03) | 0.99 (−0.56; 0.58) | p = 0.559 (0.011) | p = 0.584 (0.012) |
| CogniPlus | −0.68 (1.14) | −0.48 (1.44) | −0.19 (0.84) | 0.42 (−0.70; 0.31) | |||
| Figural episodic and verbal memory | |||||||
| ROCF (Immediate recall) | HIPP | −0.15 (1.42) | 0.36 (1.47) | −0.51 (0.57) | 0.00 (−0.83; −0.19) | p = 0.003 (0.284) | p = 0.240 (0.053) |
| CogniPlus | −0.24 (0.85) | −0.01 (1.35) | −0.23 (0.66) | 0.23 (−0.63; 0.17) | |||
| ROCF (Delayed recall) | HIPP | −0.16 (1.39) | 0.59 (1.15) | −0.76 (0.446) | <0.00 (−1.09; −0.41) | p = <0.001 (0.396) | p = 0.045 (0.146) |
| CogniPlus | −0.29 (0.85) | −0.04 (1.35) | −0.24 (0.066) | 0.21 (−0.65; 0.16) | |||
| BVLT (Short delayed recall) | HIPP | −0.45 (1.81) | 0.61 (0.98) | −1.06 (1.56) | 0.02 (−1.90; −0.22) | p = 0.009 (0.244) | p = 0.271 (0.048) |
| CogniPlus | −0.90 (1.44) | −0.43 (0.85) | −0.46 (1.18) | 0.20 (−1.21; 0.29) | |||
| BVLT (Long delayed recall) | HIPP | 0.01 (0.94) | −57 (0.77) | −0.56 (0.61) | 0.00 (−0.91; −0.23) | p = <0.001 (0.451) | p = 0.450 (0.023) |
| CogniPlus | −0.87 (0.80) | −0.07 (1.00) | −0.79 (0.94) | 0.01 (−1.39; −0.20) | |||
| Working memory | |||||||
| Corsi blocks (correct forwards) | HIPP | 0.14 (1.36) | 0.05 (1.3) | 0.09 (1.50) | 0.82 (−0.74; 0.92) | p = 0.690 (0.006) | p = 0.436 (0.023) |
| CogniPlus | −0.45 (1.08) | −0.15 (1.24) | −0.50 (1.17) | 0.15 (−1.21; 0.20) | |||
| Corsi blocks (correct backwards) | HIPP | −0.04 (1.9) | 1.07 (1.25) | −0.15 (1.09) | 0.61 (−0.75; 0.46) | p = 0.340 (0.035) | p = 0.842 (0.002) |
| CogniPlus | 0.05 (0.97) | 0.27 (1.15) | −0.22 (0.911) | 0.39 (−0.77; 0.32) | |||
| DSST (correct forwards) | HIPP | 0.09 (1.15) | 0.13 (1.06) | −0.04 (1.21) | 0.90 (−0.70; 0.62) | p = 0.482 (0.019) | p = 0.371 (0.031) |
| CogniPlus | 0.27 (0.91) | −0.04 (0.94) | 0.31 (0.78) | 0.17 (−0.15; 0.78) | |||
| DSST (correct backwards) | HIPP | 0.09 (1.15) | 0.13 (1.06) | 0.12 (0.78) | 0.56 (−0.31; 55) | p = 0.794 (0.003) | p = 0.571 (0.012) |
| CogniPlus | 0.17 (0.83) | −0.12 (1.06) | −0.04 (0.72) | 0.83 (−0.48; 0.39) | |||
| Visuospatial functions | |||||||
| Mosaic Design Test | HIPP | 0.18 (1.46) | 1.4 (2.62) | −1.22 (2.19) | 0.049 (−2.44; −0.01) | p = 0.079 (0.114) | p = 0.048 (0.142) |
| CogniPlus | 0.13 (1.08) | 0.05 (1.23) | 0.08 (0.56) | 0.63 (−0.26; 0.42) | |||
| ROCF (Copy) | HIPP | −0.87 (1.25) | −0.15 (1.30) | −0.72 (1.29) | 0.050 (−1.44; −0.00) | p = 0.113 (0.094) | p = 0.157 (0.076) |
| CogniPlus | −0.73 (1.31) | −0.68 (1.46) | −0.04 (1.14) | 0.90 (−0.73; 0.64) | |||
CI, confidence interval; Q = quartile; T0 = Baseline; T1 = 4-week follow-up; TMT = Trail Making Test; mWCST = modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; ROCF = Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; BVLT = Basel Verbal Learning Test; DSST = Digit Symbol Substitution Test. The p-value was adjusted for multiple testing: Bonferroni; *p < 0.05.