Cell Biology Approaches • Extended Culture • Co-Culture   ○ Endothelial cells   ○ Fibroblasts • Cell Fusion   ○ To form larger and multinucleated cells	Genetic Approaches • Overexpression of cardiac genes   ○ Ion channels or calcium handling proteins (e.g., Kir 2.1, calsequestrin) • Gene expression network perturbation   ○ MicroRNA (e.g., let 7, miR-1)
Biophysical approaches • Tissue engineering • Electric pacing • Mechanical loading • Conductive substrate • Substrate stiffness • Micropatterning	(Bio)chemical approaches • Growth Factors • Hormones (e.g., thyroid/glucocorticoid hormones) • Adrenergic agonists • ROS removal