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. 2024 Feb 28;14:4937. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in cognitive performance and metabolites versus baseline (6 p.m.) during sleep deprivation under placebo (grey) and creatine (red) when pooled at all 3 timepoints (0 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m.). Shown are changes in cognitive tasks (Language, Logic, Numeric), forward digit span (SPAN), word memory tasks (WMT), psychomotor vigilance test (PVT, reaction speed) and selected metabolic parameters of tCr/tNAA from the left medial parietal region, of PCr/Pi, Pi/³¹P and pH level from the averaged middle.-, and ATP-ß/³¹P from the averaged upper grid. Significance levels are presented by *p₄₃ < 0.005, **p₄₃ < 0.0005 and ***p₄₃ < 0.00005. Bars represent standard errors (SE).