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. 2024 Feb 28;14:4937. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Baseline (6 p.m.) related changes in cognitive performance, speed in processing time and metabolic parameters after oral administration of creatine versus placebo when pooled at 3 points (0 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m.). Creatine administration led to significant improvements in word memory task (WMT), speed in processing time in WMT, language, logic, and numeric tasks, and induced declines in ATP-ß/³¹P, Pi/³¹P, and increase in PCr/³¹P. Significance levels are color coded and indicated by arrows onto axial brain slices in radiological orientation.