Table 1.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Criteria
Inclusion	Studies in which creativity is the primary dependent variable measured and results are reported for specific variables such as fluency, flexibility, and originality
	Peer-reviewed studies
	Studies in which the topic is related to creativity, and teaching creative problem-solving
	Studies that utilize a single-group pre- and post-test experimental or quasi-experimental research methodology and report data (e.g., sample sizes, means, standard deviations, etc.) that can be used to calculate effect sizes
Exclusion	The study was published before 2000
	Studies were written in languages other than English or Chinese
	Studies that focused on cognitive outcomes (e.g., beliefs, attitudes, and motivation, etc.) and personality (e.g., risk-taking, curiosity, etc.) in creativity, as measured by self-reported surveys, were excluded
	Studies that did not include sufficient statistical information to calculate correlation coefficients between creative problem-solving and creativity