Table 4.

Effect sizes for all coded variables.

Moderator variables	n	Effect size	p	Mixed-effects model
				95%CI		Qw	Qb	PHeterogeneity
		SMD		Lower	Upper
Creativity predictor							5.72	0.057
Fluency	28	0.55	0.000	0.26	0.84	3672.57
Flexibility	19	0.43	0.000	0.26	0.61	2170.93
Originality	30	0.77	0.000	0.55	0.99	2180.58
Instructional method							0.62	0.432
Collaborative creative problem-solving (CCPS)	53	0.65	0.000	0.51	0.80	4912.60
Individual creative problem-solving (ICPS)	24	0.51	0.003	0.18	0.84	2509.28
Grouping method							10.87	0.028
Heterogeneous grouping (HeG)	4	1.69	0.000	0.89	2.48	285.32
Homogeneous grouping (HoG)	6	0.26	0.134	−0.08	0.60	190.50
Random grouping (RG)	19	0.56	0.000	0.37	0.75	3079.22
Students grouping (SG)	9	0.52	0.000	0.26	0.78	153.32
Grade level							22.92	0.000
Elementary school (E)	11	1.20	0.000	0.70	1.70	567.24
Middle school (M)	8	0.31	0.068	−0.02	0.65	629.38
Higher education (H)	18	0.23	0.016	0.04	0.42	782.35
University (U)	31	0.55	0.000	0.38	0.73	4172.38
Other (O)	9	1.06	0.000	0.62	1.50	519.81
Problem-solving scaffolding							0.00	0.969
No	33	0.61	0.000	0.41	0.81	4215.69
Yes	44	0.61	0.000	0.41	0.82	4087.80
Application of technology							0.46	0.498
No	51	0.65	0.000	0.47	0.82	6747.24
Yes	26	0.54	0.000	0.28	0.80	2710.55
Sources of problem							17.14	0.000
Instructed by guided materials (I)	13	0.24	0.001	0.05	0.44	829.37
Student-discovered questions (S)	15	0.70	0.000	0.60	0.80	152.23
Teacher-prescribed questions (T)	49	0.68	0.000	0.47	0.90	7517.55
Application of thinking tools							3.70	0.054
No	24	0.43	0.000	0.25	0.62	2082.23
Yes	53	0.69	0.000	0.50	0.88	7523.76