Table 1.
Presence of micro- and nano-plastics in the daily human diets.
| Species | Location | Abundance | Size (μm) | Type | Shape | Detection method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skipjack Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) | Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia | 4 particles/fish | 500–5,000 | / | Filament (84%), angular (11%), | Stereomicroscope | [166] |
| Deep-sea fish | South China Sea | Stomachs: 1.53 ± 1.08 particles/g intestines: 4.82 ± 4.74 particles/g | 0–1,000 (68.9%–76.7%) | / | Film, fiber | Optical microscope | [167] |
| Oysters | South Australia | 0.09 ± 0.01 particles/g wet weight | / | LDPE, PE | Fiber (61.8%), fragment (37.7%) | FTIR | [168] |
| Mussel (Perna Viridis) | Hong Kong | 0.21–1.83 particles/g wet weight | 40–1,000 | PP (56%), PE (25%), PET (10%) | Fragment, fiber | Raman | [51] |
| Brown shrimp (Metapenaeus monocerous) | Bangladesh coast | 3.40 ± 1.23 particles/g digestive tract | 1,000–5,000 (40%) 500–1,000 (17%) |
PA, rayon | Fiber (57%), particle (29%), fragment (14%) | μ-FTIR | [169] |
| Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) | Bangladesh coast | 3.87 ± 1.05 particles/g digestive tract | 1,000–5,000 (70%) 500–1,000 (27%) |
PA, rayon | Fiber (32%), particle (16%), fragment (26%) | μ-FTIR | [169] |
| Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) | Malaysia | 20.8 ± 3.57 particles/g wet weight | / | / | Film (93%–97%) | Microscope | [50] |
| Argentine red shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) | Argentina Southwest Atlantic, FAO 41 | 7,050 ± 4,178 particles/g wet weight | / | / | Sphere (70%) | Microscope | [50] |
| Tap water | China | 440 ± 275 particles/L | 1–50 (31.25%–100%) 50–100 (1.47%–31.25%) 100–300 (1.72%–31.25%) |
PE (26.8%), PP (24.4%), PE + PP (22.0%) |
Fragment: 53.85%–100%, Fiber: 1.18%–30.77% Sphere: 2.27%–36.36% |
μ-Raman | [170] |
| Tap watera | Barcelona Metropolitan Area | 1 ng/L–9 μg/L | 0.7–20 | PE. PP | HPLC–HRMS | [171] | |
| Drinking water | Mexico City | 18 ± 7 particles/L | 100–1,000 (75%) | PTT, EP | Fibers | μ-Raman | [172] |
| Bottled water Mineral water |
Kermanshah, Iran | 8.5 ± 10.2 particles/L | 1,280–4,200 | PET, PS, PP | Fragment (93%), fiber (7%) | FTIR, Raman | [173] |
| Bottled water | China | 2–23 particles/bottle | 25–5,000 | Cellulose (71.16%), PET (6.98%), PE (6.05%) | Fiber, fragment | μ-FTIR | [174] |
| Soft drinks | Mexico | ND–7 particles/L | 100–3,000 | PA | Fiber | Microscope | [60] |
| Cold tea | Mexico | 1–6 particles/L | 100–2,000 | PA | Fiber | Microscope | |
| Beer | Mexico | ND–28 particles/L | 100–3,000 | PA | Fiber, fragment | Microscope | |
| Milk | Switzerland; France | 2,040–10,040 particles/L | ≥5, <20 | PE (31%), PS (27%), PES (23%) | / | μ-Raman | [61] |
| Table salts | Africa | 1.68 ± 1.83 particles/kg | >50, <5,000 | PVA, PP, PE | Fragment, fiber, granule | FTIR | [175] |
| Table salts | India | 115–575 particles/kg | 100–200 (37.7%), 200–500 (31.2%), 500–1,000 (16.2%) >1,000 (15%) |
PE (78%), PE (19%), PVC (3%) | Fibers (88.5%), film (4.9%), pellet (2.9%) | μ-FTIR | [14] |
| Sugar | Bangladeshi | 343.7 ± 32.08 particles/kg | <300 (64%) | ABS (25%), PVC (18%), PET (15%) | Fiber (38.4%), fragment (28.4%), film (25.2%) | FTIR | [65] |
LDPE, low-density polyethylene; PP, polypropylene; EP, epoxy resin; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PE, polyethylene; PA, polyamide; PES, polyester; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; FTIR, fourier transform infrared; HPLC–HRMS, high performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry.
a
Mass concentrations.