Table 4. Transferability of scales determined by a systematic review of scales for measuring infectious disease–related stigma.
| Scale name |
Transferability |
||
| Cross-national |
Cross-outbreak |
Participant profile† |
|
| Stigmatization related to EVD and COVID-19 scale |
Used; IE |
Used; IE |
Not used; A |
| Ebola-related Stigma Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19–related Stigma Survey |
Used; IE |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 Stigma Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| Community COVID-19 Stigma Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| 7-item EVD-related Stigma Index |
Used; IE |
Not used; A |
Used; IE |
| Eight-item Stigma Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Arabic Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 Stigma Instrument-Patients (CSI-P2) |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| The Perceived Courtesy Stigma Sub-scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
| The Affiliate Stigma Sub-scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| Modified 12-item HIV Stigma Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Ebola-related Stigma Instrument |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| Stigma Discrimination Scale (SDS-11) |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Used; IE |
| Self-stigma Scale (SSS-15) |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 Bullying Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Used; IE |
| COVID-19 Experienced DISCrimination Scale (CEDISC) |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| Covid-19 Internalised Stigma Scale (COINS) |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 Responsibility Attribution Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 Attitudes Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| SARS Social Life and Services Stigma Self-report Questionnaire |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Used; IE |
| SARS Discrimination in the Workplace Self-report Questionnaire |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Used; IE |
| Stigma toward EVD Survivors Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
| EVD Stigma Index |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19-related Enacted Stigma Questionnaire |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Discrimination in Medical Settings Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| 30-item Bullying during the COVID-19 Pandemic Questionnaire |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
| Stigmatising Attitudes Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 Stigma Scale (COVID19SS) |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
| COVID-19 Perceived Stigma Scale-22 (CPSS-22) |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| Public Attitudes toward Stigma Questionnaire |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Perceived Stigmatization of COVID-19 Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Modified Version of the KAP Survey Tool on Zika Virus Disease |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
| Public COVID-19-related Stigma toward Patients Measure |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
| Public COVID-19-related Stigma toward Wuhan People Measure |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
| EVD-related Stigma Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
Used; IE |
| COVID-19 Public Stigma Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Social Stigma and Discriminatory Attitudes Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
| Long COVID Stigma Scale (LCSS) |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Modified Measure of Disease-Related Stigma (MDRS) Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| Lassa Fever-associated Stigmatization Scale |
Not used; U |
Not used; A |
Not used; U |
| The Social Stigma Scale |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
Not used; A |
| COVID-19 related Social Stigma Scale | Not used; A | Not used; A | Not used; A |
*Insufficient evidence (IE) indicates insufficient evidence of cross-cultural equivalence and transferability as assessed using cross-cultural equivalence framework devised by S.A.M. Stevelink and W.H. Van Brakel (23) (Appendix Table 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/30/3/23-0934-App1.pdf). A, substantial adaptations anticipated for cross-cultural use; U, appears readily usable. †Usability for persons with and without a personal history of the disease.