Fig. 1. Surgical process of endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (E-NSM). After dissection of the anterior and posterior aspects of the breast with tumescent solution and scissors, surgery was performed according to the red→blue→green→yellow process. (A) The incisions on the inframammary fold were 5 cm long, whereas those in the axillary area were 4 cm long. Although the inferior and lateral parts (blue area) of the breast can be removed by open surgery, the superior and medial parts (white area) of the breast require endoscopic surgery. (B) Green and yellow areas of the breast required visualization with the endoscopic camera and longer instruments for conducting E-NSM.