Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Category of Beverage Intake.
| Characteristicsa | Participants, No. (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | Artificially sweetened beverages | Natural juices | |||||||
| 0/d (n = 86 403) | >0-1/d (n = 33 028) | >1/d (n = 8399) | 0/d (n = 101 535) | >0-1/d (n = 19 446) | >1/d (n = 6849) | 0/d (n = 61 172) | >0-1/d (n = 57 384) | >1/d (n = 9274) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.6 (7.9) | 54.9 (8.1) | 52.7 (8.0) | 55.7 (7.9) | 54.0 (7.9) | 52.4 (8.0) | 54.9 (8.0) | 55.6 (7.9) | 54.9 (8.0) |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 46 157 (53.4) | 16 509 (50.0) | 3514 (41.8) | 51 442 (50.7) | 10 870 (55.9) | 3868 (56.5) | 33 282 (54.4) | 28 778 (50.1) | 4120 (44.4) |
| Male | 40 246 (46.6) | 16 519 (50.0) | 4885 (58.2) | 50 093 (49.3) | 8576 (44.1) | 2981 (43.5) | 27 890 (45.6) | 28 606 (49.9) | 5154 (55.6) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||||
| Asian | 1355 (1.6) | 576 (1.7) | 124 (1.5) | 1696 (1.7) | 287 (1.5) | 72 (1.1) | 1160 (1.9) | 774 (1.3) | 121 (1.3) |
| Black | 755 (0.9) | 457 (1.4) | 235 (2.8) | 1156 (1.1) | 222 (1.1) | 69 (1.0) | 719 (1.2) | 506 (0.9) | 222 (2.4) |
| White | 83 225 (96.3) | 31 493 (95.4) | 7898 (94.0) | 97 314 (95.8) | 18 685 (96.1) | 6617 (96.6) | 58 431 (95.5) | 55 452 (96.6) | 8733 (94.2) |
| Multiethnic or otherb | 1068 (1.2) | 502 (1.5) | 142 (1.7) | 1 369 (1.3) | 252 (1.3) | 91 (1.3) | 862 (1.4) | 652 (1.1) | 198 (2.1) |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | −1.6 (2.8) | −1.6 (2.8) | −1.4 (3.0) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.7 (2.8) | −1.5 (3.0) | −1.5 (2.9) | −1.8 (2.8) | −1.4 (3.0) |
| Household income, €/yc | |||||||||
| <18 000 | 10 686 (12.4) | 4002 (12.1) | 1167 (13.9) | 12 846 (12.7) | 2202 (11.3) | 807 (11.8) | 8657 (14.2) | 6155 (10.7) | 1043 (11.2) |
| 18 000-30 999 | 17 880 (20.7) | 6928 (21.0) | 1759 (20.9) | 21 298 (21.0) | 3921 (20.2) | 1348 (19.7) | 13 198 (21.6) | 11 646 (20.3) | 1723 (18.6) |
| 31 000-51 999 | 22 713 (26.3) | 8892 (26.9) | 2307 (27.5) | 26 938 (26.5) | 5099 (26.2) | 1875 (27.4) | 16 151 (26.4) | 15 448 (26.9) | 2313 (24.9) |
| 52 000-99 999 | 21 124 (24.4) | 8165 (24.7) | 1955 (23.3) | 24 393 (24.0) | 5043 (25.9) | 1808 (26.4) | 13 912 (22.7) | 14 785 (25.8) | 2547 (27.5) |
| ≥100 000 | 6806 (7.9) | 2340 (7.1) | 554 (6.6) | 7596 (7.5) | 1589 (8.2) | 515 (7.5) | 3931 (6.4) | 4810 (8.4) | 959 (10.3) |
| Missing value | 7194 (8.3) | 2701 (8.2) | 657 (7.8) | 8464 (8.3) | 1592 (8.2) | 496 (7.2) | 5323 (8.7) | 4540 (7.9) | 689 (7.4) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
| Never | 2235 (2.6) | 1081 (3.3) | 343 (4.1) | 2838 (2.8) | 571 (2.9) | 250 (3.7) | 1924 (3.1) | 1399 (2.4) | 336 (3.6) |
| Previous | 2197 (2.5) | 949 (2.9) | 392 (4.7) | 2661 (2.6) | 546 (2.8) | 331 (4.8) | 1961 (3.2) | 1295 (2.3) | 282 (3.0) |
| Current | 81 971 (94.9) | 30 998 (93.9) | 7664 (91.2) | 96 036 (94.6) | 18 329 (94.3) | 6268 (91.5) | 57 287 (93.6) | 54 690 (95.3) | 8656 (93.3) |
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never | 48 756 (56.4) | 19 506 (59.1) | 4899 (58.3) | 58 315 (57.4) | 11 117 (57.2) | 3729 (54.4) | 33 330 (54.5) | 34 139 (59.5) | 5692 (61.4) |
| Previous | 30 835 (35.7) | 11 070 (33.5) | 2657 (31.6) | 35 169 (34.6) | 6901 (35.5) | 2492 (36.4) | 22 081 (36.1) | 19 590 (34.1) | 2891 (31.2) |
| Current | 6812 (7.9) | 2452 (7.4) | 843 (10.0) | 8051 (7.9) | 1428 (7.3) | 628 (9.2) | 5761 (9.4) | 3655 (6.4) | 691 (7.5) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.6 (4.4) | 26.8 (4.4) | 27.6 (4.9) | 26.4 (4.2) | 27.8 (4.7) | 29.3 (5.5) | 27.0 (4.6) | 26.5 (4.2) | 26.5 (4.2) |
| Physical activity, MET-min/wk, mean (SD) | 2495.9 (2447.1) | 2464.4 (2430.2) | 2687.8 (2746.7) | 2511.9 (2473.0) | 2439.4 (2394.6) | 2502.0 (2522.9) | 2555.2 (2555.8) | 2435.3 (2357.6) | 2541.2 (2483.1) |
| Comorbidity | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 20 014 (23.2) | 7738 (23.4) | 2057 (24.5) | 22 929 (22.6) | 4911 (25.3) | 1969 (28.7) | 14 642 (23.9) | 13 059 (22.8) | 2108 (22.7) |
| Diabetes | 3142 (3.6) | 926 (2.8) | 276 (3.3) | 2836 (2.8) | 964 (5.0) | 544 (7.9) | 2498 (4.1) | 1639 (2.9) | 207 (2.2) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3221 (3.7) | 1348 (4.1) | 318 (3.8) | 3815 (3.8) | 774 (4.0) | 298 (4.4) | 2445 (4.0) | 2090 (3.6) | 352 (3.8) |
| Use of medication | |||||||||
| Antihypertensive drug | 12 847 (14.9) | 4899 (14.8) | 1294 (15.4) | 14 538 (14.3) | 3170 (16.3) | 1332 (19.4) | 9374 (15.3) | 8340 (14.5) | 1326 (14.3) |
| RAAS inhibitor | 7802 (9.0) | 3014 (9.1) | 806 (9.6) | 8725 (8.6) | 2023 (10.4) | 874 (12.8) | 5649 (9.2) | 5147 (9.0) | 826 (8.9) |
| Statin | 10 466 (12.1) | 3832 (11.6) | 965 (11.5) | 11 692 (11.5) | 2579 (13.3) | 992 (14.5) | 7558 (12.4) | 6653 (11.6) | 1052 (11.3) |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||||
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 95.9 (11.5) | 95.9 (11.7) | 97.2 (12.0) | 95.8 (11.5) | 96.6 (11.7) | 97.9 (11.9) | 96.0 (11.7) | 95.9 (11.5) | 96.9 (11.5) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 144.9 (84.0) | 151.6 (88.6) | 160.6 (94.6) | 146.3 (84.7) | 151.5 (89.1) | 157.3 (95.7) | 146.8 (86.9) | 147.8 (84.7) | 152.7 (89.1) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 138.1 (32.5) | 138.5 (32.5) | 136.9 (32.1) | 138.6 (32.4) | 137.2 (32.7) | 134.5 (32.8) | 137.7 (32.6) | 138.6 (32.3) | 138.2 (32.2) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 57.6 (14.9) | 55.9 (14.3) | 53.1 (13.7) | 57.3 (14.8) | 55.6 (14.3) | 53.8 (14.1) | 56.8 (14.8) | 57.2 (14.6) | 55.8 (14.6) |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 91.0 (18.3) | 90.6 (17.9) | 91.0 (20.5) | 90.6 (17.0) | 91.6 (21.1) | 93.6 (26.8) | 91.1 (19.3) | 90.8 (17.3) | 90.7 (18.2) |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.21 (0.38) | 0.22 (0.38) | 0.24 (0.39) | 0.21 (0.37) | 0.24 (0.39) | 0.27 (4.2) | 0.23 (0.38) | 0.21 (0.37) | 0.21 (0.38) |
| Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, mg/g | 11.2 (6.4) | 10.6 (6.2) | 10.1 (6.1) | 11.0 (6.4) | 10.8 (6.3) | 10.8 (6.4) | 11.0 (6.4) | 11.0 (6.4) | 10.7 (6.3) |
| Total energy intake, kJ/d | 8416.2 (2238.3) | 8817.6 (2082.5) | 9557.6 (2348.4) | 8626.8 (2243.3) | 8469.8 (2115.4) | 8477.4 (2297.1) | 8320.1 (2310.5) | 8760.7 (2094.2) | 9381.7 (2189.9) |
| Total sugar intake, g/d | 117.1 (45.0) | 132.5 (43.2) | 168.4 (53.1) | 125.0 (47.1) | 122.2 (44.9) | 122.7 (52.0) | 113.5 (46.8) | 130.1 (42.6) | 162.2 (50.0) |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, servings/d | 0.0 (0) | 0.6 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.7) |
| Artificially sweetened beverages, servings/d | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.0 (0) | 0.6 (0.3) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) |
| Natural juice, servings/d | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.0 (0) | 0.7 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.7) |
| Water, servings/d | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.5) |
| Healthy diet scored | 4.1 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.4) | 3.7 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.0 (1.4) | 3.8 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.4) | 4.2 (1.4) |
| Vegetable intake, servings/d | 5.0 (3.3) | 4.7 (3.0) | 4.6 (3.4) | 4.9 (3.2) | 4.9 (3.2) | 5.0 (3.4) | 4.9 (3.4) | 4.8 (3.0) | 5.1 (3.6) |
| Fruit intake, servings/d | 3.2 (2.5) | 3.0 (2.4) | 2.9 (2.6) | 3.2 (2.5) | 3.1 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.2 (2.4) | 3.6 (3.0) |
| Fish intake, servings/wk | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.7) |
| Processed meats intake, servings/wk | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.4) |
| Red meat intake, servings/wk | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.4) |
| Whole grain intake, servings/d | 8.5 (9.0) | 8.1 (8.9) | 7.4 (9.1) | 8.5 (9.1) | 7.9 (8.6) | 7.5 (8.7) | 7.8 (9.0) | 8.8 (8.9) | 9.1 (9.3) |
| Refined grain intake, servings/d | 6.4 (7.0) | 6.9 (7.5) | 7.8 (8.3) | 6.6 (7.2) | 6.5 (7.3) | 6.6 (7.7) | 6.8 (7.7) | 6.5 (6.9) | 6.3 (6.9) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
SI conversion factors: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply values by 0.0555; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to millimoles per liter, by 0.0259; hsCRP to milligrams per liter, by 10; serum triglyceride levels to millimoles per liter, by 0.0113.
a
The values for categorical variables are given as numbers (percentage) and values for continuous variables are given as mean (standard deviation).
b
Multiethnic or other group includes Black and White Caribbean, Black and White African, Asian and White, other mixed background, mixed, or other ethnic group.
c
€1.00 is approximately US $1.10.
d
Healthy diet score was calculated based on 7 dietary factors according to recommendations for dietary priorities on cardiometabolic health and ranged from 0 to 7. Each favorable dietary factor contributed 1 point to the overall score: total vegetables, 4 or more servings per day; total fruit, 4 or more servings per day; total fish, 2 or more servings per week; processed meat, 1 or fewer servings per week; red meat, 1.5 or fewer servings per week; whole grains, 3 or more servings per day; refined grains, 1.5 or fewer servings per day.