Table 3. Substitution Analysis Examining the Association Between Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease and Category of Beverage Intake.
| Substitution analysisa | Sugar-sweetened beverages, HR (95% CI) | P value | Artificially sweetened beverages, HR (95% CI) | P value | Natural juices, HR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With sugar-sweetened beverages | 1 [Reference] | NA | 0.97 (0.91-1.04) | .36 | 1.08 (1.01-1.15) | .04 |
| With artificially sweetened beverages | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | .36 | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1.11 (1.04-1.20) | .003 |
| With natural juices | 0.93 (0.87-0.97) | .04 | 0.90 (0.84-0.96) | .003 | 1 [Reference] | NA |
| With water | 0.93 (0.88-0.99) | .03 | 0.91 (0.86-0.96) | .001 | 1.04 (0.97-1.11) | .23 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable.
a
Healthy diet scores as in the footnote to Table 2. Model adjusted for age, sex, ethnic background, Townsend Deprivation Index, alcohol consumption status, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, comorbidity (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), the use of medication (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor and statins), dietary intake (total energy, total sugar, and healthy diet score), and laboratory measurements (estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin to creatinine ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein).