Table 2.
Odds ratios from the 5-class traj models
| Total difficulties | Emotional difficulties | Behavioural difficulties | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Group | 2: Medium trajectory group | 2: Medium-increasing trajectory group | Group 2: Medium trajectory group | ||||||
| Female a | 1.08 | 0.94–1.24 | 0.282 | 13.68 | 10.51–17.81 | 0.000 | 0.63 | 0.55–0.73 | 0.000 |
| Non-binary or Questioning a | 2.58 | 0.63–10.48 | 0.187 | 27.32 | 4.68–159.39 | 0.000 | 0.42 | 0.17–1.01 | 0.053 |
| Ethnicity - Asian b | 0.77 | 0.63–0.93 | 0.006 | 0.50 | 0.35–0.71 | 0.000 | 1.19 | 0.96–1.47 | 0.105 |
| Ethnicity - Black b | 0.82 | 0.63–1.06 | 0.132 | 0.22 | 0.14–0.34 | 0.000 | 1.87 | 1.29–2.72 | 0.001 |
| Ethnicity - Mixed b | 0.78 | 0.56–1.08 | 0.130 | 0.58 | 0.36–0.92 | 0.021 | 1.02 | 0.71–1.45 | 0.929 |
| Ethnicity - Other b | 0.81 | 0.57–1.16 | 0.260 | 0.52 | 0.28–0.95 | 0.033 | 1.56 | 0.98–2.51 | 0.063 |
| Free school meal eligibility (yes) c | 1.42 | 1.22–1.66 | 0.000 | 1.53 | 1.23–1.91 | 0.000 | 1.87 | 1.58–2.21 | 0.000 |
| Special education need (yes) d | 1.89 | 1.42–2.51 | 0.000 | 1.49 | 1.02–2.17 | 0.037 | 1.87 | 1.36–2.56 | 0.000 |
| Child in need status (yes) e | 1.10 | 0.76–1.59 | 0.605 | 0.74 | 0.47–1.18 | 0.210 | 1.15 | 0.75–1.76 | 0.513 |
| Group | 3: Medium-increasing trajectory group | 3: Medium trajectory group | 3: Medium/high-decreasing trajectory group | ||||||
| Female a | 2.45 | 2.01–3.00 | 0.000 | 2.56 | 2.07–3.18 | 0.000 | 0.31 | 0.26–0.37 | 0.000 |
| Non-binary or Questioning a | 14.67 | 4.11–52.32 | 0.000 | 1.27 | 0.13–12.40 | 0.838 | 0.40 | 0.15–1.05 | 0.061 |
| Ethnicity - Asian b | 0.32 | 0.23–0.45 | 0.000 | 1.01 | 0.76–1.33 | 0.969 | 0.64 | 0.48–0.86 | 0.003 |
| Ethnicity - Black b | 0.30 | 0.18–0.49 | 0.000 | 0.49 | 0.36–0.66 | 0.000 | 1.72 | 1.16–2.55 | 0.007 |
| Ethnicity - Mixed b | 0.69 | 0.46–1.03 | 0.072 | 0.79 | 0.53–1.18 | 0.251 | 0.86 | 0.57–1.30 | 0.465 |
| Ethnicity - Other b | 0.58 | 0.36–0.94 | 0.028 | 0.95 | 0.58–1.55 | 0.822 | 1.31 | 0.80–2.14 | 0.287 |
| Free school meal eligibility (yes) c | 2.25 | 1.86–2.72 | 0.000 | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 | 0.014 | 3.43 | 2.86–4.12 | 0.000 |
| Special education need (yes) d | 2.29 | 1.64–3.22 | 0.000 | 1.38 | 1.01–1.87 | 0.043 | 3.10 | 2.27–4.22 | 0.000 |
| Child in need status (yes) e | 1.30 | 0.85–1.98 | 0.220 | 0.75 | 0.51–1.12 | 0.160 | 1.93 | 1.27–2.92 | 0.002 |
| Group | 4: Medium-decreasing trajectory group | 4: High-decreasing trajectory group | 4: Medium-increasing trajectory group | ||||||
| Female a | 0.78 | 0.66–0.93 | 0.005 | 3.27 | 2.45–4.37 | 0.000 | 0.66 | 0.49–0.89 | 0.000 |
| Non-binary or Questioning a | 2.75 | 0.67–11.34 | 0.161 | 1.91 | 0.15–24.51 | 0.618 | 2.63 | 1.01–6.88 | 0.007 |
| Ethnicity - Asian b | 0.43 | 0.34–0.55 | 0.000 | 1.02 | 0.74–1.40 | 0.909 | 0.65 | 0.38–1.11 | 0.673 |
| Ethnicity - Black b | 0.54 | 0.40–0.73 | 0.000 | 0.37 | 0.25–0.55 | 0.000 | 1.17 | 0.57–2.38 | 0.974 |
| Ethnicity - Mixed b | 0.65 | 0.45–0.94 | 0.022 | 0.52 | 0.29–0.91 | 0.023 | 1.59 | 0.92–2.77 | 0.115 |
| Ethnicity - Other b | 0.80 | 0.55–1.16 | 0.236 | 1.13 | 0.67–1.88 | 0.648 | 0.93 | 0.35–2.48 | 0.098 |
| Free school meal eligibility (yes) c | 2.32 | 1.98–2.72 | 0.000 | 1.59 | 1.27–1.98 | 0.000 | 3.44 | 2.53–4.68 | 0.877 |
| Special education need (yes) d | 4.17 | 3.24–5.38 | 0.000 | 3.31 | 2.45–4.48 | 0.000 | 2.75 | 1.74–4.34 | 0.000 |
| Child in need status (yes) e | 1.53 | 1.09–2.16 | 0.014 | 0.86 | 0.56–1.34 | 0.513 | 1.56 | 0.82–2.95 | 0.000 |
| Group | 5: High-stable trajectory group | 5: High trajectory group | 5: High-slightly-decreasing trajectory group | ||||||
| Female a | 1.59 | 1.35–1.89 | 0.000 | 18.78 | 14.59–24.17 | 0.000 | 0.30 | 0.24–0.38 | 0.000 |
| Non-binary or Questioning a | 7.54 | 1.96–29.06 | 0.003 | 31.69 | 5.12–196.28 | 0.000 | 0.22 | 0.04–1.10 | 0.066 |
| Ethnicity - Asian b | 0.11 | 0.07–0.18 | 0.000 | 0.27 | 0.18–0.40 | 0.000 | 0.32 | 0.20–0.54 | 0.000 |
| Ethnicity - Black b | 0.18 | 0.11–0.29 | 0.000 | 0.15 | 0.10–0.23 | 0.000 | 1.70 | 1.06–2.72 | 0.029 |
| Ethnicity - Mixed b | 0.48 | 0.31–0.73 | 0.001 | 0.45 | 0.28–0.72 | 0.001 | 1.08 | 0.64–1.81 | 0.771 |
| Ethnicity - Other b | 0.35 | 0.20–0.62 | 0.000 | 0.36 | 0.19–0.68 | 0.002 | 0.98 | 0.49–1.96 | 0.958 |
| Free school meal eligibility (yes) c | 3.57 | 2.98–4.26 | 0.000 | 2.30 | 1.85–2.85 | 0.000 | 4.41 | 3.49–5.58 | 0.000 |
| Special education need (yes) d | 4.26 | 3.21–5.66 | 0.000 | 2.29 | 1.64–3.19 | 0.000 | 4.08 | 2.87–5.81 | 0.000 |
| Child in need status (yes) e | 1.84 | 1.28–2.63 | 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.57–1.33 | 0.516 | 2.39 | 1.49–3.84 | 0.000 |
Note. N = 14,215. OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval. a reference category is male; b reference category is White; c reference category is those without eligibility for free school meals; d reference category is those without special education need status; e reference category is those without child in need status