TABLE III.

Engineering design of inkjet printers.

Ref	Nozzle material	Nozzle (inner diameter)	Droplet diameter	Actuation	Droplet velocity	Breakoff length
108	Glass	60 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	Less than 80	PZTa		680 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)
179	Glass	354 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	869 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa		1323 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)
185	Glass	50 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PZTa		39 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)
126		448 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PEFb		<1437 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)
126		448 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PEFb
126		448 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PEFb
113	Glass	120 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	147 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa		935 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)
130	Glass	123.4 ± 5.2 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	390.2 ± 4.6 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa	0.49 ± 0.01 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)
181				PZTa	9 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)	333 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)
188		27 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	54.6–45.1 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa
106	Glass	30 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PZTa		**
106	Glass	30 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PZTa		***
106	Glass	30 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)		PZTa		****
172		50 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	10–30 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa
189	Nozzle-free	Nozzle-free		TSTc
183				PZTa	6.5 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)	0
183			5.047 pL	PZTa	5.51 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)
183			5.03 pL	PZTa	5.51 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)
184	Glass	50 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	12, 13.4, 23.4 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa	0.84, 1.08, 2.61 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)
184	Glass	50 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	6.2, 7.99, 10.2 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa	0.67, 1, 1.2 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)
184	Glass	50 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	1.1, 2, 5.9 ( $\mu \mathrm{m}$)	PZTa	1.83, 1.47, 2.55 ( $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$)
194	Glass	36		PZTa	8 (m/s)
192		35	70–75	PZTa
195		30	26	PZTa

^a $\sqrt{10}$ Piezoelectric.

^b Pulse electromagnetic force.

^c Thermo cavitation technique.

^**In low viscosity fluid (0 G-100W and 20 G-80W), satellites are observed. By increasing the viscosity (40 G-60W and 60 G-40W), the droplet has no satellite and is solitary. In further increasing the viscosity (70 G-30W), no droplet is generated.

^***Due to high surface tension, no droplet is generated in 70 G-30W ink.

^****This waveform can eject the 70 G-30W ink.