TABLE IV.

Waveform characteristics of piezoelectric inkjet printers.^a

Ref	Voltage rising/falling/dwelling time ( $\mu \mathrm{s}$)	Voltage (V)	Frequency (Hz)	Waveform	Waveform
108	7/7/18	85	3000
179	$\frac{t_{\mathit{falling}}}{t_{\mathit{rising}}}=0.26$	220	102	Triangular
185	(2/2/6)	60	1000	Unipolar Trapezoidal
126	b = 10 $\mu \mathrm{s}$	$\frac{I}{A}=40\hspace{0.17em}I$ is input current	50	Sine	b
126	b = 10 $\mu \mathrm{s}$	$\frac{I}{A}=40$	50	Triangular	c
126	c = 5.510 $\mu \mathrm{s}$	$\frac{I}{A}=40$	90	Pulse wave	d
113	3/3/20	45	50	trapezoidal	e
130	$t_a=0.7$ & $t_p=1$ $t_a$: Absorption time $t_p:$ Pulsation time	4.5	8000		f
181	$t_{dp}=t_{kp}=t_{up}=t_{up}=t_{wp}=t_d=t_k=t_u=2$	14		Preliminary vibration (30%)	g
188		3.7–4.5		Similar to sine	h
106	5/5/14	12	1000	Single wave	i
106	5/5/14	20	1000	Double waveform	j
106	5/5/14 $T_{\mathit{echo}}$=14, $T_{\mathit{final}}$=5	20	1000	Bipolar waveform	k
172	Table S1 of the ESI	50–150	10		l
189				Acoustic shock wave
183		14		Basic	m
183	mentioned in the waveform	15		U	n
183	mentioned in the waveform	16		W	o
184	mentioned in the waveform		500	Unipolar	p
184	mentioned in the waveform		500	Bipolar	q
184			500	Tripolar	r
195	3/3/16	20	10000	Unipolar Trapezoidal	s

^a Each similar row numbers in the tables (II, III, and IV), from row 1 (Ref. 93) to row 21 (Ref. 165) shows the results of the same study.

^b Reprinted with permission from Wang et al., Vacuum 156, 128–134 (2018). Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

^c Reprinted with permission from Wang et al., Vacuum 156, 128–134 (2018). Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

^d Reprinted with permission from Wang et al., Vacuum 156, 128–134 (2018). Copyright 2018 Elsevier.

^e Reprinted with permission from Xu et al., Langmuir 30 (30), 9130–9138 (2014). Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society.

^f Reprinted with permission from Minov et al., Crop Protection 69, 18–27 (2015). Copyright 2015 Elsevier.

^g Reprinted with permission from Oktavianty et al., World Acad. Sci. Engineer. Technol. Int. J. Mech. Aero. Ind. Mechatron. Manuf. Engineer. 11 (4), 880–889 (2017).

^h Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al., MATEC Web of Conferences, 2015. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 4.0.

ⁱ Reprinted with permission from Liu et al., Appl. Phys. A 111 (2), 509–516 (2013). Copyright 2013 Springer Nature.

^j Reprinted with permission from Liu et al., Appl. Phys. A 111 (2), 509–516 (2013). Copyright 2013 Springer Nature.

^k Reprinted with permission from Liu et al., Appl. Phys. A 111 (2), 509–516 (2013). Copyright 2013 Springer Nature.

^l Reprinted with permission from Bartholomew et al., RSC Adv. 6 (65), 60215–60222 (2016).

^m Reprinted with permission from Oktavianty et al., Add. Manuf. 25, 522–531 (2019). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

ⁿ Reprinted with permission from Oktavianty et al., Add. Manuf. 25, 522–531 (2019). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

^o Reprinted with permission from Oktavianty et al., Add. Manuf. 25, 522–531 (2019). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.

^p Reprinted with permission from Snyder et al., Precis. Engineer. (2018). Copyright Elsevier.

^q Reprinted with permission from Snyder et al., Precis. Engineer. (2018). Copyright Elsevier.

^r Reprinted with permission from Snyder et al., Precis. Engineer. (2018). Copyright Elsevier.

^s Reprinted with permission from Wei et al., Microsys. Technol. 23 (12), 5365–5373 (2017). Copyright 2017 Springer Nature.