FIG. 4.

Bioelectronics for light-based therapeutics. Schematic of antimicrobial (a), photobiomodulation (b), photodynamic therapy (c), light-triggered drug delivery (g), micro-robot actuation (h), and neural stimulation mechanisms with light (i). Examples of each application, UV antibacterial skin patch (d), OLED-based stretchable photobiomodulation skin patch (e), wireless photodynamic therapy devices for cancer treatments (f), hydrogel-based UV triggered drug release skin patch (j), light-actuated microrobot (k), and flexible optotrode for optogenetics (l). (d) Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al., Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2100576 (2021). Copyright 2021 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license;²³⁵ (e) Reprinted with permission from Jeon et al., Adv. Mater. Technol. 3, 1700391 (2018). Copyright 2018 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License;²⁶ (f) Reprinted with permission from Bansal et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 1469–1474 (2018). Copyright 2018 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License;²⁸ (j) Reprinted with permission from Pang et al., Adv. Sci. 7, 1902673 (2020). Copyright 2020 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License;²⁶⁰ (k) Reprinted with permission from Miskin et al., Nature 584, 557–561 (2020). Copyright 2020 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License;²⁶⁸ (l) Reprinted with permission from Kim et al., Science 340, 211–216 (2013). Copyright 2013 Authors, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License.³⁷