TABLE II.

Systemic pathological conditions in animals that were linked to an exposure to air- and waterborne particulate pollutants.

Organism	Medical condition/disorder	Type of particulate matter	Ref.
Mice/rats	Respiratory disorders	Unspecified/diverse	95,234
		PM2.5	96,235,236
		Ultrafine carbon particles	237
	Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract	Microplastics	124,126
		PM2.5 and PM10	238,239
	Liver damages	Microplastic	240
	Ocular disorders	PM2.5 and PM10	156,241–243
	Neurotoxicity	Microplastics	244
Rabbits	Ocular disorders	Mineral dust (e.g., TiO2)	245
Horses	Respiratory disorders	Unspecified/diverse	246
Zebrafish	Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal damage, and gut microbiome dysbiosis	Microplastics	265,71,118,247
	Liver damages	Microplastics	248
	Impaired larval development	Microplastics	249,250
		Nickel nanoparticles	63
	Neurodegenerative and behavioral disorders	Microplastics	81,251–253
		Carbon nanotubes	254
Other fish species	Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal damage, and gut dysbiosis	Microplastics	255–259
	Impaired larval development and reduced larval survival rate
	Neurotoxicity
	Increased mortality rate
Corals	Bleaching	Microplastics	260–263
	Tissue necrosis
	Reduced skeletal growth
Sea urchins	Increased embryotoxicity	Microplastics	264,264
	Impaired larval development
Clams and mussels	Immunotoxicity	Microplastics	266–268
	Neurotoxicity
Zooplankton	Increased mortality	Microplastics	64,66,140,269,270
	Reduced growth
	Reduced reproduction rate
Nematodes	Reduced survival rate	Microplastics	247,271,272
	Reduced growth
	Intestinal damage
	Neurotoxicity
Bees	Degradation of the hindgut	Microplastics	273
	Gut microbiome dysbiosis