Table 3.
Prevalence of typhoid fever by sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and signs and symptoms in the study population.
| Characteristics | Number (N = 336) | Salmonella Typhi positive (n = 44) | Salmonella Paratyphi positive (n = 26) | p value (X2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 196 (58.33) | 34 (77.27) | 19 (73.07) | 0.76 (0.09) |
| Male | 140 (41.66) | 10 (22.72) | 7 (26.92) | |
|
| ||||
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| [1–10] | 195 (58.03) | 27 (61.36) | 14 (53.84) | |
| [11–20] | 59 (17.55) | 7 (15.90) | 6 (23.07) | |
| [21–30] | 33 (9.82) | 5 (11.36) | 3 (11.53) | 0.62 (3.50) |
| [31–40] | 28 (8.33) | 2 (4.54) | 3 (11.53) | |
| [41–50] | 13 (3.86) | 2 (4.54) | 0 (0) | |
| [51–60] | 8 (2.38) | 1 (2.27) | 0 (0) | |
|
| ||||
| Level of education | ||||
| Primary | 137 (40.77) | 20 (45.45) | 10 (38.46) | |
| Secondary | 153 (45.53) | 19 (43.18) | 11 (42.30) | |
| Higher | 22 (6.54) | 3 (6.81) | 3 (11.53) | 0.96 (0.29) |
| No level | 24 (7.14) | 2 (4.54) | 2 (7.69) | |
|
| ||||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 61 (18.15) | 7 (15.90) | 9 (34.61) | 0.34 (3.55) |
| Single | 224 (66.66) | 31 (70.45) | 15 (57.69) | |
| Divorced | 32 (9.52) | 4 (9.09) | 1 (3.84) | |
| Widow | 19 (5.65) | 2 (4.54) | 1 (3.84) | |
|
| ||||
| Occupation | ||||
| Student | 218 (64.88) | 28 (63.63) | 7 (26.92) | |
| Private | 94 (27.97) | 15 (34.09) | 15 (57.69) | |
| Civil servant | 12 (3.57) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.69) | 0.01 (11.03) |
| Housewife | 12 (3.57) | 1 (2.27) | 2 (7.69) | |
|
| ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban area | 216 (64.28) | 28 (63.63) | 18 (69.23) | 0.63 (0.22) |
| Rural area | 120 (35.71) | 16 (36.36) | 8 (30.76) | |
|
| ||||
| Life style | ||||
|
| ||||
| Do you know about typhoid fever? | ||||
| Yes | 328 (97.61) | 44 (100) | 22 (84.61) | |
| No | 8 (2.38) | 0 (0) | 4 (15.38) | 0.007 (7.17) |
|
| ||||
| If yes, state knowledge source | ||||
| Hospital | 69 (20.53) | 11 (25.00) | 8 (30.76) | |
| School | 117 (34.82) | 16 (36.36) | 8 (30.76) | |
| Media | 27 (8.03) | 4 (9.09) | 2 (7.69) | 0.94 (0.39) |
| Street | 123 (36.60) | 13 (29.54) | 8 (30.76) | |
|
| ||||
| Typhoid transmission route | ||||
| Soiled food | 174 (51.78) | 22 (50.00) | 16 (61.53) | 0.34 (4.49) |
| Blood route | 13 (3.86) | 2 (4.54) | 0 (0) | |
| Contact with a sick person | 41 (12.2) | 5 (11.36) | 5 (19.23) | |
| Dirty water | 96 (28.57) | 13 (29.54) | 4 (15.38) | |
| From mother to child | 12 (3.57) | 2 (4.54) | 1 (3.84) | |
|
| ||||
| Hygiene measure against typhoid | ||||
| Do not washing hand after bowel movements | 86 (25.59) | 8 (18.18) | 3 (11.53) | 0.32 (4.62) |
| Hand washing before and after meal | 46 (13.69) | 7 (15.90) | 3 (11.53) | |
| Washing fruits and vegetables before consumption | 82 (24.4) | 7 (15.90) | 10 (38.46) | |
| Hand washing after returning from public places | 70 (20.83) | 10 (22.72) | 5 (19.23) | |
| Hand washing after greeting a loved one | 52 (15.47) | 12 (27.27) | 5 (19.23) | |
|
| ||||
| Drinking water used | ||||
| Camwater | 82 (24.40) | 11 (25.00) | 11 (42.30) | 0.52 (4.15) |
| Rain water | 6 (1.78) | 1 (2.27) | 0 (0) | |
| Well | 21 (6.25) | 6 (13.63) | 1 (3.84) | |
| River | 14 (4.16) | 3 (6.81) | 1 (3.84) | |
| Drilled holes (bore holes) | 200 (59.52) | 22 (50.00) | 12 (46.15) | |
| Mineral | 13 (3.86) | 1 (2.27) | 1 (3.84) | |
|
| ||||
| Hygiene measure used to make water safe to drink | ||||
| Chlorination | 48 (14.28) | 5 (11.36) | 3 (11.53) | |
| Filtration | 84 (25.00) | 6 (13.63) | 7 (26.92) | |
| Boiling | 13 (3.86) | 2 (4.54) | 0 (0) | 0.53 (3.15) |
| Decanting | 21 (6.25) | 1 (2.27) | 1 (3.84) | |
| None | 170 (50.59) | 30 (68.18) | 15 (57.69) | |
|
| ||||
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
|
| ||||
| Headaches | ||||
| Yes | 232 (69.04) | 32 (72.72) | 17 (65.38) | |
| No | 104 (30.95) | 12 (27.27) | 9 (34.61) | 0.51 (0.42) |
|
| ||||
| Vomiting | ||||
| Yes | 189 (56.25) | 27 (61.36) | 8 (30.76) | |
| No | 147 (43.75) | 17 (38.63) | 18 (69.23) | 0.01 (6.11) |
|
| ||||
| Aches and pain | ||||
| Yes | 234 (69.64) | 31 (70.45) | 17 (65.38) | |
| No | 102 (30.35) | 13 (29.54) | 9 (34.61) | 0.65 (0.19) |
|
| ||||
| Fever | ||||
| Yes | 268 (79.76) | 38 (86.36) | 17 (65.38) | 0.03 (4.27) |
| No | 68 (20.23) | 6 (13.63) | 9 (34.61) | |
|
| ||||
| Shivering | ||||
| Yes | 281 (83.63) | 36 (81.81) | 23 (88.46) | 0.46 (0.54) |
| No | 55 (16.36) | 8 (18.18) | 3 (11.53) | |
|
| ||||
| Diarrhea | ||||
| Yes | 208 (61.90) | 28 (63.63) | 21 (80.76) | 0.13 (2.28) |
| No | 128 (38.09) | 16 (36.36) | 5 (19.23) | |
|
| ||||
| Constipation | ||||
| Yes | 286 (85.11) | 40 (90.90) | 17 (65.38) | 0.008 (7.04) |
| No | 50 (14.88) | 4 (9.09) | 9 (34.61) | |
|
| ||||
| Asthenia | ||||
| Yes | 286 (85.11) | 42 (95.45) | 26 (100) | 0.27 (1.21) |
| No | 50 (14.88) | 2 (4.54) | 0 (0) | |
|
| ||||
| Type of stool | ||||
| Mucoid | 167 (49.70) | 26 (59.09) | 10 (38.46) | |
| Watery | 78 (23.21) | 11 (25.00) | 6 (23.07) | |
| Hard | 74 (22.02) | 5 (11.36) | 8 (30.76) | 0.17 (4.97) |
| Bloody | 17 (5.05) | 2 (4.54) | 2 (7.69) | |
|
| ||||
| Anorexia | ||||
| Yes | 303 (90.17) | 28 (63.63) | 23 (88.46) | |
| No | 33 (9.82) | 16 (36.36) | 3 (11.53) | 0.02 (5.09) |
|
| ||||
| Abdominal pains | ||||
| Yes | 324 (96.42) | 42 (95.45) | 25 (96.15) | 0.88 (0.019) |
| No | 12 (3.57) | 2 (4.54) | 1 (3.84) | |
∗ Values in brackets are in percentage (%). In column three, the denominator is 44. In column four, the denominator is 26. Numbers in bold represent the P value of each sociodemographic characteristic which is significantly different compared to the normal P value (0.05).