Table 2.

Alcohol and risk of all-cause mortality, AF, VA, and SCA.

	Sample number	Event number	Person*year	Univariate	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
All-cause mortality
Non-drinker	2,043,728	97,420	16,783,922	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Mild drinker	1,167,656	29,504	9,651,875	0.528 (0.521–0.535)	0.851 (0.839–0.862)	0.822 (0.810–0.833)	0.824 (0.812–0.835)	0.826 (0.815–0.838)	0.836 (0.825–0.847)
Moderate drinker	460,144	14,310	3,791,353	0.653 (0.641–0.664)	1.018 (0.999–1.037)	0.938 (0.920–0.956)	0.927 (0.909–0.944)	0.930 (0.912–0.947)	0.932 (0.915–0.950)
Heavy drinker	318,845	14,635	2,611,126	0.969 (0.952–0.986)	1.249 (1.226–1.272)	1.124 (1.103–1.145)	1.104 (1.083–1.125)	1.108 (1.087–1.129)	1.104 (1.084–1.124)
Atrial fibrillation
Non-drinker	2,043,728	40,364	16,654,818	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Mild drinker	1,167,656	14,736	9,603,714	0.634 (0.622–0.646)	1.009 (0.989–1.030)	1.006 (0.985–1.027)	1.003 (0.982–1.024)	1.011 (0.990–1.032)	1.014 (0.994–1.035)
Moderate drinker	460,144	6,896	3,768,512	0.756 (0.737–0.776)	1.168 (1.136–1.200)	1.138 (1.107–1.171)	1.118 (1.087–1.150)	1.129 (1.097–1.161)	1.135 (1.103–1.167)
Heavy drinker	318,845	6,256	2,590,906	0.998 (0.972–1.025)	1.342 (1.304–1.381)	1.306 (1.269–1.345)	1.286 (1.248–1.324)	1.298 (1.261–1.337)	1.298 (1.260–1.336)
Ventricular arrhythmia
Non-drinker	2,043,728	5,186	16,765,935	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Mild drinker	1,167,656	1,956	9,645,008	0.656 (0.623–0.691)	0.864 (0.816–0.913)	0.858 (0.810–0.908)	0.859 (0.812–0.910)	0.866 (0.818–0.917)	0.867 (0.819–0.917)
Moderate drinker	460,144	908	3,788,294	0.776 (0.723–0.832)	0.973 (0.901–1.050)	0.943 (0.872–1.019)	0.933 (0.863–1.009)	0.942 (0.871–1.019)	0.943 (0.872–1.019)
Heavy drinker	318,845	688	2,608,799	0.854 (0.788–0.924)	0.988 (0.908–1.076)	0.952 (0.873–1.038)	0.942 (0.864–1.028)	0.952 (0.873–1.039)	0.952 (0.873–1.039)
Sudden cardiac arrest
Non-drinker	2,043,728	8,832	16,781,250	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
Mild drinker	1,167,656	3,326	9,650,235	0.656 (0.631–0.683)	0.840 (0.805–0.876)	0.799 (0.766–0.834)	0.800 (0.767–0.836)	0.803 (0.769–0.839)	0.815 (0.781–0.851)
Moderate drinker	460,144	1,673	3,790,564	0.841 (0.798–0.886)	0.970 (0.918–1.026)	0.868 (0.820–0.918)	0.850 (0.803–0.899)	0.853 (0.806–0.902)	0.849 (0.803–0.899)
Heavy drinker	318,845	1,484	2,610,588	1.083 (1.025–1.144)	1.073 (1.012–1.137)	0.941 (0.888–0.999)	0.915 (0.862–0.971)	0.918 (0.866–0.974)	0.928 (0.875–0.984)

Values are expressed as hazard ratio with its 95% confidence interval.

Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age and sex.

Multivariate model 2: model 1 plus body mass index, smoking status, regular exercise habit, and income level.

Multivariate model 3: model 2 plus hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease.

Multivariate model 4: model 3 plus history of heart failure and thyroid disease.

Multivariate model 5: model 4 plus history of liver cirrhosis and cancer diagnosis.