Table 2.
Total and cluster-wise baseline characteristics of already diagnosed individuals
| Characteristic | MARD (N=260) | MOD (N=103) | SIDD (N=94) | SIRD (N=128) | p valuea | Total (N=585) | Missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||||||
| At diagnosis | 57.9±6.7 | 46.5±6.1 | 49.1±8.7 | 59.0±6.8 | n/a | 54.7±8.6 | |
| At study visit | 64.5±6.6 | 57.8±7.7 | 61.8±7.9 | 63.6±7.0 | n/a | 62.7±7.5 | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Men | 186 (71.5) | 63 (61.2) | 74 (78.7) | 82 (64.1) | 405 (69.2) | ||
| Women | 74 (28.5) | 40 (38.8) | 20 (21.3) | 46 (35.9) | 0.025 | 180 (30.8) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0±3.1 | 33.2±4.0 | 29.6±3.8 | 32.5±4.3 | n/a | 29.7±4.5 | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.5±4.9 | 11.3±7.2 | 12.8±8.3 | 4.5±3.6 | <0.001 | 7.9±6.5 | |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 48.3±5.2 | 51.7±7.1 | 66.2±8.2 | 49.1±6.3 | n/a | 51.9±9.0 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.6±0.5 | 6.9±0.6 | 8.2±0.8 | 6.6±0.6 | n/a | 6.9±0.8 | |
| HOMA-B (%) | 61.5±19.3 | 63.9±22.2 | 36.1±15.7 | 104.3±23.6 | n/a | 67.2±29.8 | |
| HOMA-IR | 1.7±0.5 | 2.0±0.7 | 1.9±0.9 | 3.3±0.7 | n/a | 2.1±0.9 | |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 85.1±15.4 | 89.4±18.7 | 87.5±20.1 | 77.3±16.0 | <0.001 | 84.5±17.4 | 2 (0.3) |
| SF−36 | |||||||
| MCS | 53.7±7.7 | 52.2±9.0 | 52.5±8.7 | 52.6±9.5 | 0.383 | 53.0±8.5 | 21 (3.6) |
| PCS | 49.6±8.1 | 44.8±10.5 | 45.4±10.0 | 45.4±9.6 | <0.001 | 47.2±9.4 | 21 (3.6) |
| History of | |||||||
| CKD | 55 (21.2) | 36 (35.0) | 25 (26.6) | 33 (25.8) | 0.058 | 149 (25.5) | |
| Neuropathy | 55 (21.2) | 23 (22.3) | 24 (25.5) | 34 (26.6) | 0.626 | 136 (23.2) | |
| Retinopathy | 9 (3.5) | 6 (5.8) | 9 (9.6) | <5 (1.6) | 0.020 | 26 (4.4) | 27 (4.6) |
| CVD | 73 (28.1) | 27 (26.2) | 36 (38.3) | 45 (35.2) | 0.137 | 181 (30.9) | |
| Use of glucose-lowering medication | |||||||
| Biguanides | 219 (84.2) | 85 (82.5) | 76 (80.9) | 101 (78.9) | 0.613 | 481 (82.2) | |
| SUs | 65 (25) | 24 (23.3) | 27 (28.7) | 29 (22.7) | 0.748 | 145 (24.8) | |
| TZD | <5 (1.5) | <5 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.281 | 6 (1) | |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0 (0) | |
| DPP4-Is | 15 (5.8) | 6 (5.8) | 7 (7.4) | 10 (7.8) | 0.848 | 38 (6.5) | |
| GLP1-RAs | 0 (0) | <5 (1) | <5 (3.2) | <5 (0.8) | 0.040 | 5 (0.9) | |
| SGLT2-Is | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0 (0) | |
| Insulin | 25 (9.6) | 37 (35. 9) | 56 (59.6) | <5 (3.1) | <0.001 | 122 (20.9) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | <5 (1) | <5 (3.2) | <5 (0.8) | 0.040 | 5 (0.9) |
Data are mean±SD or n (%)
aNo p values are specified for variables used in clustering, as the groups are separated based on these variables
DPP4-I, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; n/a, not applicable; SGLT2-I, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; SU, sulfonylurea; TZD, thiazolidinedione